 Return to the Cover Page |
Advance to Part Two |
Part One
Introduction
Intelligence Training XXI is the Army’s concept for training Military Intelligence soldiers, leaders, and forces Armywide to perform effectively on the Army XXI battlefield. It is also the concept by which combined arms commanders and their warfighter staff will achieve proficiency in employing the intelligence battlefield operating system (BOS). It provides several enablers to improve individual and unit training. Finally, it is the concept to transition the Intelligence Center to a "Schoolhouse Without Walls" that is capable of and committed to the notion of seamless support to intelligence readiness across the Army.
This document was developed from an analysis of requirements to support
Army XXI. In large part, these requirements are described in two TRADOC publications: TRADOC Pamphlet 525-5, and related publications, which describe the characteristics and context of Army XXI operations; and TRADOC Pamphlet 525-75, which describes the concept and requirements for intelligence support to Army XXI. TRADOC Pamphlet 525-75 also includes a description of how the Army’s future intelligence force will be organized, equipped, and employed as an integral part of Army XXI operations.
The concepts and associated skills required by this strategy to produce effective intelligence support apply to all forms of future operations: traditional mid-intensity conflict and what is known today as nontraditional stability and support operations (SASO), such as peacekeeping, peace support, nation building, and humanitarian assistance. The principles applied to providing intelligence in these two different operational settings are the same, but there will be differences in techniques and emphasis owing principally to differences in operational tempo (OPTEMPO), size of the battlespace, environment, diversity of the threats, and different demands placed on the system by the commander in terms of resolution, accuracy, and timing.
It is important to note that "Warfighter," when used in describing Intelligence XXI and its associated training concept, means the full Army XXI fighting team that is headed by the commander and includes the intelligence staffs and organizations supporting those commanders. In Army XXI, intelligence operations must be thoroughly synchronized and integrated with other operations to meet their demanding requirements and to achieve decisive results.
Part One will discuss three concepts central to understanding the vision which drives Intelligence Training XXI. These concepts provide the focus and framework for developing training to support Army XXI. The concepts are—
Army XXI.
Intelligence XXI.
Army Training XXI.
Part Two describes the Intelligence Training XXI Vision, Training Imperatives, and Goals.
Part Three identifies the specific Objectives and actions that must be taken in order to satisfy the stated Goals of Intelligence Training XXI and thus the intelligence requirements of Army XXI commanders.
A Quick Reference Guide is included at the end of this document to provide users a consolidated listing of key topics.
| ARMY XXI |
Twenty-first century commanders will operate in a high speed, public, and potentially lethal battlespace that is embedded in a highly complex strategic environment. The range and complexity of military operations required to meet the strategic needs of the United States will have significant implications for future military operations and the intelligence system that will support them. The National Military Strategy focuses us now and into the future on—
Regional conflicts.
Crisis response.
Power projection.
Joint, coalition, and interagency operations.
A wide variety of ambiguous threats.
Other factors that will influence the development of the intelligence force over the next two decades include—
Reduced defense spending.
Significant growth in information technologies and digitization.
Reduced forward presence.
Nontraditional military missions.
Proliferation of weapons and technology, which will make our potential adversaries more lethal and dangerous than ever before.
Recent operations in Southwest Asia, Panama, Somalia, Rwanda, Haiti, and Bosnia have given us a preview of the challenges that lie ahead and the wide range of missions that the 21st century U.S. Army must be capable of accomplishing. These recent operations also illustrate the complexity of force projection into both traditional and nontraditional military settings, and they amplify the critical role that technology will play in the future. Finally, these recent operations reinforce the premise that information operations, undertaken to gain information dominance, will be critical to the successful conduct of decisive operations.
Army XXI operations will follow certain patterns that define how operations will unfold. These patterns of operations will not be phased or sequential, rather they will prevail throughout the operational continuum from planning to execution to redeployment. These patterns, briefly shown below, will place significant demands on the Army XXI warfighting team and carry enormous implications for the 21st century intelligence force and how it will train.
Pg5.gif
Protect the Force
Force protection will provide organizational, materiel, technical, and operational solutions to the challenge of protecting soldiers, equipment, organizations, and the electromagnetic spectrum.
Project the Force
No matter where future conflicts or military operations take place, forces will have to deploy with tailored force packages that are able to maintain effective command and situation awareness enroute and are ready to operate upon arrival.
Gain Information Dominance
Gaining information dominance means knowing more about the battlespace and operations than our opponent knows. The key is to achieve information dominance at the critical time (window) to enable the commander to make the necessary decisions for success. This dominance is achieved through the execution of information operations which include command and control warfare (C2W); the establishment of a robust, secure command, control, communications, computers, and intelligence (C4I) network; and the production of battle command information (intelligence, friendly force, and other relevant information). Of course, information dominance will vary over time. It is neither assured nor continuous, but gaining information dominance is likely to be the pivotal factor in shaping the battlespace for decisive operations.
Shape the Battlespace
Commanders shape the battlespace to set the conditions for decisive operations. This includes the conduct of deep operations, C2W, and the positioning of friendly forces to take advantage of the operational environment for success in decisive operations. The goal is to eliminate the enemy’s ability to fight effectively. Information dominance, resulting in large part from situation awareness and information operations, will be the principal factor in affording the commander the ability to create "windows of advantage" to shape the battlespace for successful decisive operations.
Decisive Operations
Decisive operations are the means by which success is achieved. They require the precise integration and application of combat power and combat multipliers provided by joint, multinational, and nongovernmental forces and organizations.
Sustain the Force
Army XXI sustainment entails the capability both to logistically sustain the speed of operations and to permit rapid transition between operational phases. Essential to the successful conduct of all operations is a high state of system readiness. System readiness will be assured by the fielding of highly reliable, technologically superior systems based largely upon common hardware and software and supported by a responsive, capable, and diverse corps of system maintainers.
Although the patterns mentioned above apply to traditional operations as well as SASO, the particular context in which the mission is executed will create different demands on the degree and nature of intelligence support required. For example, the wide range of unpredictable threats in a peace enforcement operation; the likely inclusion of diverse joint and coalition augmentation capabilities; and political pressures to minimize casualties will likely demand intelligence support to force protection that is significantly different from that provided in a mid-intensity conflict. These characteristics—coupled with the added elements of speed, precision, and high lethality fires—will significantly influence the way we operate and train.
| INTELLIGENCE XXI |
Intelligence leaders and forces must accomplish operations across the range of missions and environments detailed in Army XXI.
Intelligence leaders must be capable of—
— Meeting the commander’s need for timely, coherent, and comprehensive understanding of the enemy and the operational environment, to include the cultural and human influences that affect the adversary’s capabilities and actions.
— Anticipating future requirements and assisting the supported commander in the translation of those operational requirements into the Commander’s Critical Information Requirements (CCIR).
— Leading and developing subordinate MI soldiers.
Intelligence forces must be capable of—
— Providing wide area, multispectral surveillance of the battlespace.
— Aggregating and fusing bottom-up with top-down information and feeding it to brigade and battalion levels.
— Producing an "in-time" common relevant picture for battlespace visualization and situational awareness.
— Accurately locating, identifying, and tracking high-payoff targets (HPTs) and conducting battle damage assessment (BDA).
— Conducting C2W operations.
— Supporting force protection operations.
— Assisting in friendly force tracking.
— Accessing, leveraging, and operating with joint and multinational capabilities.
Current Doctrine
Intelligence XXI is built upon a solid doctrinal foundation which includes the following five principles. While in effect today, these basic principles will apply to Army XXI as well.
Pg8.gif
The Commander Drives Intelligence. Commanders must understand their intelligence system, along with its capabilities and limitations, as thoroughly as they understand their fire and maneuver systems. This reality demands better, more coherent intelligence training for future battle commanders and warfighter staffs—not just the intelligence officer.
Intelligence Synchronization. Intelligence officers must drive the entire intelligence cycle. They must understand the capabilities and limitations of the intelligence force—national to tactical—as well as those of other reconnaissance, intelligence, surveillance, and target acquisition (RISTA) systems, and how they are best integrated into operations.
Split-Based Operations. Intelligence organizations must be flexible and modular, capable of going with the first lift, and be digitally connected in real time to their sanctuary command post. Intelligence forces must be able to maintain dynamic situational awareness, including the conduct of rehearsals enroute. While the specific work of deployed intelligence forces will differ from those in sanctuary, their collective single purpose will be to provide focused, responsive intelligence and maintenance support to the deployed force commander by accessing and leveraging all available resources, national to tactical.
Tactical Tailoring. MI leaders must be able to tailor a balanced intelligence team from both organic and non-organic intelligence resources. The team must be flexible and able to operate in traditional SASO environments. It must also be able to operate with non-organic personnel and equipment. To do this successfully, intelligence leaders must know what is available, how to access it, and how to incorporate it into the operation. Furthermore, intelligence leaders must structure training to incorporate practice with ad hoc intelligence organizations.
Broadcast Dissemination. The last principle incorporates two significant capabilities: Directed downlink and broadcast of raw data and "smart push" of analyzed intelligence products; and access to intelligence products and databases in a "smart pull" mode. This requires properly trained intelligence teams and leaders who are supported by robust, assured communications connectivity from battalion up. It also requires savvy battle commanders who can effectively visualize and articulate their key information needs. Effective use of broadcast dissemination capabilities thus has substantial training implications, not just for intelligence soldiers and leaders but for the entire warfighting team.
Intelligence XXI Tasks
The Army XXI battlefield requires execution of the following fundamental intelligence tasks:
Direct.
Collect.
Analyze.
Disseminate.
Present.
Attack.
Protect.
Direct
In Army XXI, intelligence operators will direct, coordinate, and synchronize the full complement of available RISTA assets. To do this, intelligence leaders must have real-time visibility of subordinate and lateral assets to enable dynamic adjustments to collection, target tracking, and "hand-off." They must also be mentally flexible and proficient at dynamically planning and executing RISTA missions using both the latest technology and human intelligence assets. Most importantly, all of this must be done in complete collaboration with the other members of the warfighter team to satisfy the CCIR.
Regardless of the operational setting, providing the battle commander intelligence—where and when he needs it, and in the context of the overall situation—is the fundamental, nonnegotiable tenet of Intelligence XXI. Thus, it is vital that intelligence tools and training be up to the task. Proficiency—the ability of intelligence units, soldiers, and leaders to deliver under these circumstances—will be the single most important determinant of effective intelligence support to the battle commander.
Collect
Intelligence XXI collectors, both human and technical, will enable commanders to see and sense their extended battlespace. These capabilities will provide commanders the intelligence needed to locate, identify, and track HPTs. The expected end-state in the collection arena is an ability to enable the warfighting team (maneuver, fires, aviation, and intelligence) to thoroughly and dynamically see and sense the battlespace so that it can use the resultant information dominance to conduct successful decisive operations. Once again, the key to ensuring these battlefield effects is highly trained operators and maintainers.
Analyze
Processing, synthesis, and analysis will convert battlespace data and information into useful intelligence for the commander. As the extended battlespace grows and OPTEMPO increases, the ability to rapidly process and analyze data must increase accordingly.
Intelligence analysis will also support information operations by focusing both on collection against the opponent’s C4I structure, as well as assessing the vulnerability of our own C4I operations. Understanding the adversary’s decision process will enable an accurate assessment of potential targets and support effective information operations against critical nodes. Intelligence professionals must make the enemy situation come alive for the commander to help him shape the battlespace. To do this, they must understand the operation as well as the capabilities and limitations of intelligence assets supporting the mission.
Disseminate
Army XXI operations will demand an uninterrupted flow of intelligence. The battle commander must be provided data specific to his needs via automatic updates regardless of where he is in this continuum of planning and operations. To do this will require the use of tailored, smart push-pull dissemination and the ability to leverage virtually every available means of communication. It will also require the effective exchange of data between units and systems. While technology will help to satisfy these requirements, the bottom-line measure of effectiveness will be the training state and proficiency of the intelligence unit, soldier, and leader.
Present
The intelligence officer’s ability to think and communicate verbally, in writing, and graphically must be by-products of training. Battlefield visualization will be critical to Army XXI operations in all environments. Presenting an accurate, coherent, common picture of the situation which immediately conveys understanding will be fundamental to enabling commanders to achieve information dominance. In all cases, the commander’s ability to anticipate difficult decisions, analyze options, and reduce uncertainty will be directly proportional to his intelligence staff’s ability to support him. Successful execution will be the result of highly skilled, trained intelligence soldiers and units.
Attack
Attack consists of applying lethal and non-lethal means on HPTs. It also entails attacking an adversary’s decision process to prevent effective command and control (C2) of his forces by denying him information, degrading or interrupting his C2 system, or providing him false or distorted information. Attack options may vary from surgical jamming of the frequency spectrum, to intrusion into the adversary’s C2 systems to manipulate data. A critical component of any C2W attack option is BDA to assess which side has information dominance. Devising a means to conduct both C2W attack and BDA poses significant technical challenges; it also poses tremendous training challenges for the entire warfighting team.
Protect
Protect can be offensive or defensive in nature. Offensive protect seeks to reduce the adversary’s ability to attack friendly C2. Defensive protect seeks to reduce friendly vulnerabilities to adversary attack by friendly employment of adequate physical and electronic protection. Protect measures will be incorporated into Army systems as they are developed and fielded. But at the heart of successful protect operations is a need to thoroughly understand the information battlespace.
Clearly, training of the entire warfighting team will be a key to success in this area. In the intelligence BOS, intelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB) and multidiscipline counterintelligence (MDCI) analysis will be key enablers, but most critical will be the integration and synchronization of these and similar analytical efforts with the commander’s intent and plan.
| ARMY TRAINING XXI |
Having described the broad concepts of Army XXI and Intelligence XXI, the focus now shifts to training the force. Army Training XXI is the concept for total Army training in the 21st century. Its mission is to develop a strategy for individual through all levels of collective training. Army Training XXI integrates the entire spectrum of Army training programs and provides a strategy to integrate ongoing initiatives into a coherent training system.
Pg12.gif
The Army Training XXI concept is composed of three distinct, yet overlapping, campaign plans. The campaign plans provide a strategic vision and integrated plan for training the Army XXI force. Proponent schools use the vision provided by the campaign plans to develop Action Plans which set the azimuth and establish the resources and responsibilities for training within the proponent. This document—Intelligence Training XXI—is the MI School’s Action Plan.
Warfighter XXI Campaign Plan
Warfighter XXI is the unit training component of Army Training XXI. It focuses on how the Army will train battle staffs and collective tasks. Its goal is to integrate ongoing initiatives and future developmental efforts to produce a coherent, integrated training system and strategies for the Army XXI force. Strategies are prepared by proponents in the form of Combined Arms Training Strategies (CATS) which define how table of organization and equipment (TO&E) units train. They also define the resources required to execute the training. The strategies are descriptive in nature and provide the foundation for the trainer to develop a training program. Warfighter XXI includes—
The Standard Army Training System (SATS). SATS is a computer-based training resource management aid that offers both structured and descriptive training guidance to users from company to division.
Training Support Package (TSP). Warfighter TSPs provide structured training templates that offer live, virtual, or constructive collective training events. TSPs assist commanders to execute and evaluate training.
Training Aids, Devices, Simulations, and Simulators (TADSS). TADSS supplement live training, provide mission rehearsal capabilities, and can offset training constraints. When appropriate, future TADSS will be compatible with distributed interactive simulations (DIS); use standard terrain, threat, and icon databases; be embedded in materiel systems; and be used by both the Active Component and Reserve Components.
The Standard Army After-Action Review System (STAARS). STAARS will receive feedback from training exercises and provide a standardized, automated storage, distribution, and retrieval system for after-action reviews (AARs). It will allow commanders to integrate lessons learned into training.
The Army Training Digital Library (ATDL). ATDL is an electronic library that points users, via the Internet or a similar communications medium, to training information stored and maintained electronically in locations throughout the Army. (NOTE: ATDL is a common component of all three campaigns plans.)
Warrior XXI Campaign Plan
Warrior XXI defines future initiatives and activities in the institutional training and self-development strategies of Army Training XXI. Proponent schools define the requirements for training individual soldiers to standard in resident courses. These Army courses span the individual’s career from initial entry training of a new recruit to the Army War College for the Army’s senior leaders. The Warrior XXI training environment, Classroom XXI, will use information-age technology to provide training at schools and in units. Training at all levels will focus on developing individual skills and will capitalize on distance learning and DIS initiatives.
Warnet XXI Campaign Plan
The Warnet XXI mission is to ensure that training fully supports the development of Army XXI by capitalizing on information-age technology and improving interaction among training, combat, and materiel developers. Warnet XXI provides the enablers to fulfill the initiatives of Warfighter XXI and Warrior XXI. Every element of Warnet XXI can be found in either or both of the other two campaign plans. This is especially true in the areas of self-development and distance learning.
The Warnet XXI goals are to—
—Strengthen coordination among the combat, materiel, and training developers.
—Analyze new systems’ training support and performance requirements to ensure cost-effective acquisitions and effective training support.
—Develop and provide system TSPs to support system testing and unit, institutional, and Army modernization training needs.
—Integrate Army Modernization Training (AMT) into Classroom XXI and other distance learning infrastructures, where appropriate.
—Provide digitally-formatted, materiel-system TSPs, and other supporting AMT documentation for the ATDL.
Warnet XXI enables the other two Campaign Plans by serving as the AMT component of Army Training XXI. Warnet XXI also works in concert with the Army acquisition process, combining the efforts of training, combat, and materiel developers. This ensures Army decisionmakers receive essential information upon which to make critical development, production, and training decisions concerning new materiel systems.