"SHAPE Perspective" (NATO UNCLAS): Briefing outlines the SHAPE perspective on UAV employment and the need for co-ordinated UAV planning.

"NATO Air Command & Control System (ACCS) Overview" (NATO UNCLAS): The briefing will show the history of the ACCS programme and identify the basic operational requirement it is intended to satisfy. The relationship with interim systems will be outlined, as will the relationship with existing NATO capabilities. Some of the basic design drivers of the system will be identified, along with some of the expected design approaches. The current status of the programme will also be presented. Finally, the possible future relationship between ACCS and UAVs will be outlined.

"High-Level Assessment of Integrating UAVs in NATO ACCS" (NATO UNCLAS): The briefing is intended to lead into the Workshop presentations and discussions on C2 of UAVs, not to present solutions. The study, sponsored by NACMA and performed at NC3A-NL, provides a perspective of the potential impact of the employment of own UAVs on the NATO Air Command and Control System (ACCS) design and architecture. The presentation begins with background information on the study and provides an overview of the capabilities and missions of UAVs. Next, it investigates the impact of UAV operations on ACCS with respect to Battle Management, Command, Control and Communications, including performance of the ACCS planning, tasking, surveillance, identification, and information dissemination functions. Specific potential shortcomings of existing and proposed NATO command and control systems for integration of UAV operations are then identified and evaluated. The briefing concludes by providing conclusions regarding incorporation in ACCS of UAV C2 capabilities.

Leader: Joe Rodero. Mr. Rodero was born in San Sebastian, Spain, in December 1941 and emigrated to the United States in 1951. He holds a BEE degree from Manhattan College, N.Y., (1964) and an MSC from the University of Southern California (1970). Mr. Rodero served in the US Air Force from 1964 to his retirement in 1990. During his 26 years in the USAF he held many key positions in the areas of operations, planning and testing. Notable among these were flying and engineering duties in the F-15 test programme, command of the 86th Tactical Fighter Wing at Ramstein AB, Germany and, from 1987 to 1990, service as the Assistant Chief of Staff, Offensive Operations, HQ Allied Forces Central Europe. He has been a principal advisor to RAND Corporation and to the Institute for Defense Analysis on studies of air command and control issues and directed numerous study groups relating to the applications of advanced technologies to military use. During his military career, Mr. Rodero attended the National War College and the Armed Forces Staff College and also graduated from the Industrial College of the Armed Forces. He holds the Defense Superior Service Medal, the Legion of Merit and the Distinguished Flying Cross among his many decorations. Mr. Rodero joined the SHAPE Technical Centre (now the NATO Consultation, Command and Control Agency) in 1990 and was promoted to Head of the Air Command and Control Branch in 1991. His duties involve the direction of 25 scientists and technicians who are working on the evolution and evaluation of systems and technologies to support Allied Command Europe in all areas of operational and tactical command and control of air forces. The main focus of the efforts is in the transition from today's systems to the emerging Air Command and Control System (ACCS), including, inter-alia, supporting SHAPE's interim operational needs through the development and provision of the Initial CAOC Capability and providing support to the NATO ACCS Management Agency in technical areas associated with the design and implementation of the ACCS.

"Mission Planning with the Initial Combined Air Operations Centre (CAOC) Capability (ICC)" (NATO UNCLAS): Demonstration of mission planning and tasking using the NC3A-developed integrated C3I environment that provides information management and decision support to NATO CAOC-level air operations activities.

"US Maritime Tactical UAV Concepts of Operations" (NATO UNCLAS). Briefing will review the concepts of operations that are the basis for the planned procurement of a vertical takeoff and landing UAV for the US Navy and Marine Corps. The briefing will include the results of Pioneer and Predator operation which demonstrated the need for UAVs and concludes with the operational concept and design for a new generation of VTOL UAVs to meet Navy needs for flexibility in tasking, command and control, and UAV data management.

"RQ-1S NRT Video Exploitation and C2" (NATO UNCLAS): Briefing provides an operations update and the impacts of communications with the Predator and Global Hawk.

"German Air Force UAV Position and Way Ahead" (NATO UNCLAS): The presentation will contain the conceptual framework of the GAF and the position and way ahead of future UAVs in the GAF. It contains: the advantages and concerns of the using of UAVs in future air warfare operations; the challenges facing the GAF; the possible introduction sequence of specific systems; discussion of critical areas of technology; and the German experience in Manned HALE aircraft and the opportunity of a German ACTD program for an operational unmanned HALE vehicle.

Lt Col Wolfgang O. Turnwald, MOD Germany: Lt Col Turnwald was born on 20 May 1949 in Kassel, Germany. He is married and father of two girls. A graduate of the Air Force Academy in Neubiberg/Munich, he joined the University of the Bundesin 1973 for four years and achieved a university degree in economic affairs in 1977. Afterward he joined basic flying training and graduated as a weapon system operator on the RF-4E Phantom. He had different commitments as a weapon system operator with the TRW 51 "Immelmann" and the TRW 52 until 1991. He accumulated nearly 2,000 hours of flying time in the RF-4E. In October 1985 he entered the Armed Forces Command and Staff College, Hamburg for two years. In 1987 he was assigned to the Federal Armed Forces Office for Studies and Exercises until 1991. Afterwards he worked as the Assistant Section Chief for Concepts and Doctrine in the GAF Tactical Command in Cologne. Since 1993 he has been assigned as an Assistant Branch Chief in the MOD Air Staff II, Concepts and Doctrine Branch.

"Germany Army UAV Plans and CL-289 Operations" (NATO UNCLAS): The presentation will present the plans for future UAVs operated by the German Army and look at CL-289 UAV operations.

Leader: Michel Desbois. Mr. Desbois has worked with the NATO C3 Agency at The Hague since 1993 where he is responsible for the evaluation of multi-sensor tracking systems. He was in charge of the definition of scenario specification to verify tracking performance as part of the NATO ACCS LOC 1 and currently supports the NATO Enlargement process with the 3 invited nations. Mr.l Desbois began his career in 1981 at Thomson-CSF where he worked on the specification and development of a tracking algorithm for an electronically steerable anti-missile naval radar. After having participated in the selection of the hardware for a real-time application of multi-radar tracking, he was responsible for the development of a mock-up, and the software coding for an array processor. In 1986, Mr. Desbois was a member of the Multiple Sensor Tracking (MST) team of the Division Systèmes de défense et de Contrôle at Thomson-CSF France where he was responsible for promoting the MST concept and carrying studies to enhance this product in the different areas such as track and plot display, man-machine interface, sensor management & control, and integration of advanced sensors. He moved to Brussels in 1991 where he was responsible for the functional analysis of the surveillance function in the future NATO Air Command and Control System (ACCS) and participated in the establishment of the ACCS specification. Mr. Desbois holds an Electrical Engineer degree from the Institute Polytechnique des sciences Appliquées, Paris, and is working toward a Ph.D. with the University of Technology of Delft on "Tracking Performance Prediction".

"Common UAV Control System Design Challenges" (NATO UNCLAS): Briefing reviews results of NATO Industrial Advisory Group (NIAG) Study Group 53 on a common UAV control system. The briefing covers the US system based on the common control station concept for UAVs. The NATO Advanced Tactical Demonstration Program for an interoperable tactical UAV will show success in a common approach for tracking, ID, Mission Planning, and Tactical Control. Four systems for common UAV control for Canada, Germany, UK and US are in the process of operational testing.

"Sensor modeling for detection of Air Vehicles" (NATO UNCLAS): The Scenario Preparation and Coverage Evaluation tool (SPACE) is software developed at NC3A by the Surveillance Branch, in co-operation with IABG, Germany. SPACE is a high-fidelity simulation of radar systems which is used to support development of the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) Radar Plan and in the completion of the Deployable Air Command and Control System (ACCS) Component (DAC) study. SPACE is at the origin of the NC3A Radar Coverage Model (NRCM), which is a useful operational tool used, for example, at the NATO Early Warning Component, Geilenkirchen, Germany, for mission preparation. The briefing will begin by describing SPACE as a laboratory tool, with an introduction to the simulation workshop used in the NC3A Surveillance and Identification laboratory. A more detailed description of the radar model will then be provided, with emphasis on its extended capabilities (clutter map, jamming, Passive Jammer Locator (PJL), etc.). Examples of the use of SPACE and NRCM will be given which will illustrate their capacities in both laboratory and operational environments. The presentation will conclude with a short presentation on the NATO/RTO/SET/TG8 workshop on "Detection and tracking of low-altitude, low-RCS air vehicles"

"Detection, tracking and identification of UAVs" (NATO UNCLAS): A complete current air picture is essential for effective C2. However, detection, tracking and identification of both friendly and hostile UAVs pose an extremely challenging task for current air defence systems and sensors. The problems start right at the root, with low detectability through stealthiness or small size. Low detectability naturally implies difficulties with tracking, aggravated by volatile flight behaviour unrestricted by human physiological limitations. Therefore, unless accurate procedural information such as that contained in flight plans is provided, friendly UAVs are very difficult to track or detect. Consequently, possible hostile UAVs pose a serious threat. Several non-cooperative techniques for identification will be assessed. The main task for identification is judged to be to distinguish between manned and unmanned objects, rather than between friend or foe. The reason is that the rules of engagement change considerably when it is found that we are dealing with a UAV instead of a manned vehicle. In conclusion, current air defence sensors are not able to reliably detect, track or identify hostile UAVs nor friendly UAVs, unless procedural information is readily available.

"Interoperating UAVs with C4I in the Digital Battle Space" (NATO UNCLAS): C4I systems and sub-systems are examined to determine to what extent they can accommodate the tasking and control of UAV platforms and non-UAV platforms. Consequences on UAV architecture functions and interfaces are derived from the previous analysis. The presentation is divided into five parts corresponding to the following subjects: Analysis Assumptions; Accommodating UAV Systems; Interoperable Architecture for Non-UAV Platforms and UAV Platforms; UAV Mission Phases analysis; and Consequences for UAV Architecture, Functions and Interfaces.

Leader: Joe Ross. Joe Ross, Surveillance Branch, Air C2 and Sensors Division, NC3A-NL: Joe Ross heads the activities of the NC3A Alliance Ground Surveillance Testbed Facility (NAGSTF). In this position, Mr. Ross supports SHAPE and the nations in their efforts to enhance the interoperability of AGS assets, integrate AGS into the NATO C3 architecture, and disseminate AGS data products through the NATO structure. Prior to this position, Mr. Ross worked for the MITRE Corporation, spending two years supporting AGS efforts at NC3A as a National Expert for the US on Joint STARS. Mr. Ross's Joint STARS experience includes supporting the Special Management Office for Joint STARS at Air Combat Command, Langley AFB, Virginia, where he directed the Cost and Operational Effectiveness Analysis for the system. Mr. Ross helped develop Concepts of Operations and Tactics Techniques and Procedures for the system, and provided analysis of their implementation during the system deployment to Europe for Operation Joint Endeavour. Prior to that, Mr. Ross supported the System Project Office and the Joint Test Force for Joint STARS at Northrop Grumman's Joint STARS development facility in Melbourne, Florida. Previous experience includes systems integration and test for aircraft and components for the F-16 and the F-111 as well as developing visual systems for simulators for the C-130, the F-5, the Tornado, Boeing Commercial Aircraft, and the M-1 Abrams Main Battle Tank.

"Alliance Ground Surveillance Paris Interoperability Experiment" (NATO UNCLAS): NATO is proposing to procure a ground surveillance system based on a NATO-owned and operated core capability that could be supplemented by inter-operable national assets, as required. In order to study the various aspects of command and control associated with such a capability, the NATO Consultation, Command and Control (C3) Agency (NC3A), together with support from six nations, established a testbed capability which includes simulations of the candidate sensor systems and various exploitation capabilities. This testbed, coupled with various other command and control testbeds resident at NC3A, allows the study of many aspects of the AGS problem. Within the testbed scenarios are scripted and run such that all candidate platforms can be "flown" simultaneously in a common scenario. From the scenario data, the sensor output is simulated taking into account terrain, sensor performance, target radial velocity, etc. The results are then passed to the exploitation stations where the data is converted into information products. These information products are then disseminated to other user communities represented in other testbeds at the Agency. This allows the study of the effectiveness of different concepts of employment of single and multiple homo- or heterogeneous assets in situations of interest to the Alliance and allows the identification of the complimentarity of various combinations of assets. The interoperability concepts developed in the testbed at NC3A were tested in June of 1997 in a more practical environment. Following the Paris Air Show, NC3A was granted permission to conduct an interoperability experiment and had at its disposal one USAF Joint STARS aircraft and two French HORIZON helicopters as well as numerous ground stations and exploitation systems. For one-week data was gathered from the platforms, which were operated both singly and in combination, in order to prove the interoperability concepts developed in the lab and to provide a data set for further analysis. The experiment was highly successful and has led to a number of follow-on activities.

"Airborne ISR Systems in the OSD (C3I) ISR Directorate" (NATO UNCLAS): The briefing provides an overview of the new ISR Directorate of the US Office of the Secretary of Defense for C3I and the dissolution of DARO. It then discusses the development of the High-Altitude Endurance (HAE) UAVs: Global Hawk and DarkStar.

"Airspace Management with the Initial Combined Air Operations Centre (CAOC) Capability (ICC)" (NATO UNCLAS): Demonstration of airspace management using the NC3A-developed integrated C3I environment that provides information management and decision support to NATO CAOC-level air operations activities.

"UAV Battlelab Demonstration of TCAS on UAVs for Electronic Detection of Traffic" (NATO UNCLAS): The Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Battlelab (UAVB) conducted an airspace initiative during FY98. The UAVB designed the initiative to determine if commercially available Traffic alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) Technology could be harnessed to give UAVs a detect-and-avoid capability in the event that established traffic separation procedures break down. Currently, UAVs such as Global Hawk and Predator are prohibited from flying outside special use airspace because they cannot see-and-avoid other air traffic. This initiative has shown that UAVs with a minimal climb and descent rate of 1500 feet per minute can use off-the-shelf TCAS II. TCAS can give UAVs a detect-and-avoid capability that reduces the potential for a mid-air collision by over 20 to 1 during flights above 10,000 feet.

"Guidelines for UAV Operation, Design Specification, Maintenance and Training of Human Resources" (NATO UNCLAS): The briefing begins with an overview of the genesis, membership, rationale, and objectives of the NATO Air Traffic Management Committee (NATMC). It then discusses system considerations for air traffic management and reviews UAV operations in IFOR. It concludes with a discussion of future challenges and provides a roadmap for the way ahead.