The following is a list of individuals who were interviewed by Commission Staff or members of the Commission. Affiliations listed reflect the individual's primary association with the Intelligence Community as of the date of the interview. The list does not include the numerous briefings provided to members of the Commission and Commission Staff by various U.S. Government officials both in the United States and abroad.
Kenneth Michael Absher, former Central Intelligence Agency official
Gordon Adams, Associate Director, National Security & International Affairs, Office of Management & Budget
Madeleine Albright, Ambassador to the United Nations
Dr. John Alger, Dean, School of Information Warfare and Strategy, National Defense University
Joseph Amato, former National Security Agency official
Duane P. Andrews, Vice President, SAIC; former Assistant Secretary of Defense, C 3I
Minoru Sam Araki, President, Lockheed Martin Missiles & Space Company, Inc., Lockheed Martin
Bernard Aronson, former Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs
Allen B. Ashby, Business Development Director, Boeing Space Systems
Norm Augustine, CEO, Lockheed Martin
Charles Battaglia, Staff Director, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence
Frederick Berghoff, Chairman, National SIGINT Committee
Richard A. Best, Analyst in National Defense, Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress
Richard K. Betts, Professor, Columbia University
James Blaker, Special Assistant to the Vice Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff
James W. Boginis, Vice President, Management & Data Systems, Washington Special Projects Office, Lockheed Martin
Nancy Bone, Director, National Photographic Interpretation Center
James V. Boone, Vice President, TRW Corporation
Adm. Jeremy Boorda, USN, Chief of Naval Operations
L. Paul Bremer, III, former Ambassador and State Department official
Kenneth Brody, President & Chairman, Export-Import Bank
Rear Adm. Thomas A. Brooks, USN (Ret.), Vice President, AT&T Corporation
Robert Bryant, Assistant Director, National Security Division, Federal Bureau of Investigation
Jon H. Bryson, Vice President, National Systems Group, Aerospace Corporation
Greg Burns, Senior Program Manager, Interactive Television, Microsoft Corporation
George Bush, former President of the United States
Albert Carnesale, Provost and Dean, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
Vice Adm. Arthur K. Cebrowski, USN, Director for Command, Control, Communications & Computer Systems (J-6), The Joint Staff
George G. Chadwick, CEO, Deskin Research Group
Richard Cheney, former Secretary of Defense
A. R. Cinquegrana, Deputy Inspector General for Investigations, Central Intelligence Agency
Richard A. Clarke, Special Assistant to President for Global Issues, National Security Council Staff
Duane Clarridge, former Central Intelligence Agency official
Eileen Claussen, Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Global & Environmental Affairs, National Security Council Staff
Tyrus W. Cobb, President & CEO, Business Executives for National Security
Vance Coffman, President & COO, Space & Strategic Missiles Sector, Lockheed Martin
Charles Cogan, former Central Intelligence Agency official
William E. Colby, former Director of Central Intelligence
Raymond Colloday, Vice President, Business Development & Advanced Programs, Lockheed Martin
Frank Conahan, Special Assistant to Comptroller General for National Security & International Affairs, General Accounting Office
Larry Cox, Vice President, Washington Operations, David Sarnoff Research Center
Rear Adm. Michael W. Cramer, USN, Director of Naval Intelligence
Lt. Gen. Donald Cromer, USAF (Ret.), President, Hughes Space and Communications Company
William Crowell, Deputy Director, National Security Agency
Charles Curtis, Under Secretary of Energy
W. Bowman Cutter, Deputy Assistant to the President for Economic Policy, National Economic Council
Brian Dailey, Vice President, Business Development/Washington Operations, Space & Strategic Missiles Sector, Lockheed Martin
Paul Daly, Assistant Administrator for Intelligence, Drug Enforcement Administration
Dennis Deconcini, former Senator and Chairman, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence
Joan Dempsey, Director, National Military Intelligence Production Center, Defense Intelligence Agency
Jack Devine, Associate Deputy Director for Operations, Central Intelligence Agency
John P. Devine, former Deputy Director for Technology & Systems, National Security Agency
Arnold Donahue, former Chief, Intelligence Branch, Office of Management and Budget
Peggy H. Donnelly, Director, Agency Information Staff, Central Intelligence Agency
Darwin R. Drewyer, III, former Director of Personnel, Central Intelligence Agency
McClellan (Guy) DuBois, Director, Operations and Tasking Directorate, Central Imagery Office
Lawrence Eagleburger, former Secretary of State
Lt. Gen. Albert J. Edmonds, USAF, Director, Defense Information Systems Agency
Dawn R. Eilenburger, Director, Equal Employment Opportunity Office, Central Intelligence Agency
Fritz Ermarth, former Chairman, National Intelligence Council
Lt. Gen. Howell Estes, III, USAF, Director of Operations (J-3), The Joint Staff
Martin Faga, Senior Vice President, MITRE Corporation; former Director, National Reconnaissance Office
Lt. Gen. Lincoln D. Faurer, USAF (Ret.), former Director, National Security Agency
Gen. Ronald Fogleman, USAF, Chief of Staff, U.S. Air Force
Gary Foster, former Deputy Director for Planning and Coordination, Central Intelligence Agency
Robert Gallager, Office of Intelligence Liaison, Department of Commerce
Robert L. Gallucci, Ambassador-at-Large
Robert M. Gates, former Director of Central Intelligence
Toby T. Gati, Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence & Research
Robert Gelbard, Assistant Secretary of State for International Narcotics & Law Enforcement Affairs
Richard Genet, Program Director, Imagery & Information Systems, GDE Systems
Regina Genton, Director for Intelligence Programs, National Security Council Staff
Clair George, former Deputy Director for Operations, Central Intelligence Agency
Roy Godson, Professor, Georgetown University
Daniel Goldin, Director, National Aeronautics & Space Administration
Allan E. Goodman, Professor, Georgetown University
Gary W. Goodrich, Associate Deputy Director for Science & Technology, Central Intelligence Agency
Jamie Gorelick, Deputy Attorney General of the United States
Art Grant, staff member, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence
Capt. William Gravell, USN, Chief of Information Warfare, (J6), The Joint Staff
David Gries, former Central Intelligence Agency official
Richard Haass, former Senior Director for Near East and South Asian Affairs, National Security Council Staff
Keith R. Hall, Executive Director, Intelligence Community Affairs; former Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense (Intelligence & Security)
Morton H. Halperin, Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Democracy, National Security Council Staff
John Harney, former Assistant Director for Policy and Liaison, National Security Agency
Jeffrey K. Harris, Director, National Reconnaissance Office & Assistant Secretary of Air Force for Space
Richard L. Haver, Executive Director, Intelligence Community Affairs
Charles Hawkins, former Assistant to Secretary of Defense for Intelligence Oversight
Leo Hazlewood, Executive Director, Central Intelligence Agency
Donald J. Healey, former Central Intelligence Agency official
Terry Heil, Senior Vice President, E-Systems Corporation
Richard M. Helms, former Director of Central Intelligence
Jan P. Herring, The Futures Group
Philip B. Heymann, Professor of Criminal Law, Harvard Law School and former U.S. Deputy Attorney General
Michael Higgins, Technical Director, SAIC
Jimmie Hill, Deputy Director, National Reconnaissance Office
James Hirsch, former Deputy Director for Science & Technology, Central Intelligence Agency
Frederick P. Hitz, Inspector General, Central Intelligence Agency
Col. Douglas Hotard, USAF, Director, Information Warfare, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for C 3I
Maj. Gen. Patrick M. Hughes, USA, Director for Intelligence (J-2), The Joint Staff
Samuel P. Huntington, Professor, Harvard University
William Hyland, former Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs
Karl F. Inderfurth, U.S. Delegation to the United Nations
Adm. Bob R. Inman, USN (Ret.), former Deputy Director of Central Intelligence; former Director, National Security Agency
Rear Adm. Lowell Jacoby, USN, Director for Intelligence (J-2), U.S. Pacific Command
Walter Jajko, Assistant Secretary of Defense for Intelligence Oversight
Robert Jervis, Professor, Columbia University
Frederick M. Kaiser, Specialist in American National Government, Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress
Joseph Kammerer, Director for Planning, National Security & International Affairs Division, General Accounting Office
Ambassador Mickey Kantor, United States Trade Representative
Barry Kelly, former Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Intelligence Programs, National Security Council Staff
Richard J. Kerr, former Deputy Director of Central Intelligence
Robert Kimmitt, former Under Secretary of State for Policy and former Ambassador
Ken Kobayashi, General Manager, Systems Applications, Hughes Space and Communications Company
Ken Kodama, staff member, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence
Dr. Annette Krygiel, Director, Central Imagery Office
Ellen Laipson, Director for Near East & South Asian Affairs, National Security Council Staff
Melvin Laird, former Secretary of Defense
John Larabee, Director, International and Commercial Affairs/OSA, National Reconnaissance Office
Donald Latham, Vice President, Loral Corporation; former Assistant Secretary of Defense, C 3I
Maj. Gen. Jack Leide, USA, Director, National Military Intelligence Collection Center, Defense Intelligence Agency
Edward Levine, staff member, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence
Winston Lord, Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs
Mark Lowenthal, Staff Director, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence
Brad Lucas, Deputy Director, Operations and Tasking Directorate, Central Imagery Office
John Lueders, Principal, Booz Allen & Hamilton, Inc.
Peter A. Marino, Senior Vice President, E-Systems Corporation
Henry Marsden, Acting Deputy Director for Supply Reduction, Office of National Drug Control Policy
David Martin, Reporter, CBS News
Ernest R. May, Professor, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
Kirk McConnell, staff member, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence
Tidal W. McCoy, Vice President for Government Relations, Thiokol Corporation
J. Kenneth McDonald, former Chief, History Staff, Central Intelligence Agency
Lt. Gen. Paul E. Menoher, USA, Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, U.S. Army
Maj. Gen. Kenneth A. Minihan, USAF, Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence, U.S. Air Force
John N. Moore, Professor, University of Virginia
Gen. Thomas Moorman, USAF, Vice Chief of Staff, U.S. Air Force
L. A. Motley, former Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs and former Ambassador
Senator Daniel P. Moynihan, United States Senator
Dennis Nagy, Director, C 4I Integration Support Activity, Office of Assistant Secretary of Defense C 3I
William A. Nitze, Assistant Administrator for International Activities, Environmental Protection Agency
Edmund Nowinski, Director, Imagery Systems Acquisition and Operations Directorate, National Reconnaissance Office
Maj. Gen. Philip Nuber, USAF, Director, Defense Mapping Agency
Dr. Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Assistant Secretary of Defense, International Security Affairs; former Chairman, National Intelligence Council
Robert Oakley, former Ambassador and State Department official
Lt. Gen. William Odom, USA (Ret.), former Director, National Security Agency
Anthony Oettinger, Professor, Harvard University
Lionel Olmer, former Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade
Michael J. O'Neil, Chief of Staff, Central Intelligence Agency
Marvin Ott, Professor, National Defense University
Gardner Peckham, Foreign Policy & National Security Affairs Advisor to Speaker of the House of Representatives
Edwin J. Pechous, retired senior government official (CIA)
Walter Pforzheimer, former Legislative Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency
Richard Pipes, Professor, Harvard University
Kevin Powers, Deputy General Counsel, National Security Agency
Hugh E. Price, former Deputy Director for Operations, Central Intelligence Agency
Anthony Quainton, Assistant Secretary of State for Diplomatic Security
Harry Howe Ransom, Professor, Vanderbilt University
Paul J. Redmond, Assistant Deputy Director for Operations/CI, Central Intelligence Agency
Condoleeza Rice, former Special Assistant to the President & Director for Soviet & East European Affairs, National Security Council Staff
Elizabeth R. Rindskopf, former General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency
Alice Rivlin, Director, Office of Management and Budget
Stephen Robinson, Deputy General Counsel, Federal Bureau of Investigation
Rita Rodriguez, Director, Export-Import Bank
Lt. Gen. Ervin Rokke, USAF, President, National Defense University
Michael L. Romey, Special Assistant to the Secretary (National Security) Department of the Treasury
Steven P. Rosen, Professor, Harvard University
Maj. Gen. Robert A. Rosenberg, USAF (Ret.), Executive Vice President, SAIC
Nicholas Rostow, former Legal Advisor, National Security Council
Harvey M. Sapolsky, Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Steven Schanzer, Director, Intelligence Systems Secretariat, Community Management Staff
Michael P. Schulhof, President & CEO, Sony Corporation of America
Lt. Gen. Brent Scowcroft, USAF (Ret.), former Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs
Rear Adm. Sumner Shapiro, USN (Ret.), former Director of Naval Intelligence
Rear Adm. Edward Sheafer, USN (Ret.), former Director of Naval Intelligence; former Deputy Director, Defense Intelligence Agency
Brian Sheridan, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Drug Enforcement Policy & Support
Abram Shulsky, RAND Corporation
Walter Slocombe, Under Secretary of Defense for Policy
Albert Smith, President, Space Division, Lockheed Martin Missiles & Space Company, Inc., Lockheed Martin
David A. Spetrino, Intelligence Liaison to the U.S. Trade Representative
Gen. B. E. Spivy, USA (Ret.), former Director, Strategic
Plans & Policy (J-5),
The Joint Staff
Richard Stolz, former Deputy Director for Operations, Central Intelligence Agency
Wayne Strand, Deputy Director, Imagery Systems Acquisition and Operations Directorate, National Reconnaissance Office
Chris Straub, staff member, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence
Dr. Terry A. Streaeter, President, GDE Systems, Inc.
Adm. William O. Studeman, USN, Acting Director of Central Intelligence and Deputy Director of Central Intelligence; former Director, National Security Agency
Mary Sturtevant, staff member, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence
Gen. Gordon R. Sullivan, USA (Ret.), former Chief of Staff of the Army
Peter Tarnoff, Under Secretary of State for Policy
George J. Tenet, Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Intelligence Programs, National Security Council Staff
Eric Thoemmes, staff member, Senate Armed Services Committee
Maj. Gen. Jack E. Thomas, USAF (Ret.), Consultant on Intelligence to the Office of the Secretary of Defense
Alvin Toffler, Author
Amy Tozzi, Senior Training Officer, Central Intelligence Agency
Lt. Gen. Bernard E. Trainor, USMC (Ret.), Director of National Security Executive Programs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
Gregory F. Treverton, former Vice Chairman, National Intelligence Council
Adm. Stansfield Turner, USN (Ret.), former Director of Central Intelligence
Lt. Gen. Paul K. Van Riper, USMC, former Assistant Chief of Staff, Command, Control, Communications, Computer and Intelligence; Director of Intelligence, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps
Maj. Gen. Don Walker, USAF, Director, Space Systems Acquisition and Operations Directorate, National Reconnaissance Office
Richard B. Wallace, Deputy Director, Center for Information Strategy & Policy, SAIC
Judge William H. Webster, former Director of Central Intelligence; former Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation
H. Bradford Westerfield, Professor, Yale University
Jon Wiant, Chief, National HUMINT Requirements Tasking Center
Rear Adm. Thomas A. Wilson, USN, Vice Director for Intelligence (J-2), The Joint Staff
Donald C. Winter, Vice President, Space & Electronics, TRW
Ira Wolf, former Assistant U.S. Trade Representative for Japan and China
Bob Woodward, The Washington Post
R. James Woolsey, former Director of Central Intelligence
William Working, Chief of Staff, Central Imagery Office
Leneice N. Wu, Coordinator of Division Research, Foreign Affairs & National Defense Division, Library of Congress
Eugene F. Yeates, Senior Vice President, SAIC;former Executive Director, President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board
Milton Zaslow, former Deputy Director for Telecommunications & Computer Services, National Security Agency
Philip Zelikow, former Director for European Affairs, National Security Council Staff
Robert Zoellick, former Department of State and Department of Treasury official
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