Overseas Presence: Staffing at U.S. Diplomatic Posts
(Fact Sheet,
12/28/94, GAO/NSIAD-95-50FS)
In response to a request, GAO assembled information on the size,
location, and costs of the diplomatic presence maintained by the State
Department and over 35 other U.S. government agencies at 260 posts in
about 170 countries around the world. Among the information included is
the number of employees at embassies, consulates, and other diplomatic
offices located in almost every country in the world, the size of that
presence on a country-by-country basis, trends in staffing levels, and
the amount of money spent by 10 agencies surveyed by GAO for salaries,
benefits and allowances for staff.
--------------------------- Indexing Terms -----------------------------
REPORTNUM: NSIAD-95-50FS
TITLE: Overseas Presence: Staffing at U.S. Diplomatic Posts
DATE: 12/28/94
SUBJECT: Americans employed abroad
International relations
Compensation
Housing allowances
Administrative costs
Embassies
Consulates
Federal employees
Employment of foreign nationals
Personnel management
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Cover
================================================================ COVER
Report to the Chairman, Legislation and National Security
Subcommittee, Committee on Government Operations, House of
Representatives
December 1994
OVERSEAS PRESENCE - STAFFING AT
U.S. DIPLOMATIC POSTS
GAO/NSIAD-95-50FS
Overseas Presence
Abbreviations
=============================================================== ABBREV
DIA - Defense Intelligence Agency
DOD - Department of Defense
FAS - Foreign Agricultural Service
USAID - U.S. Agency for International Development
US&FCS - U.S. and Foreign Commercial Service
USIA - U.S. Information Agency
Letter
=============================================================== LETTER
B-259202
December 28, 1994
The Honorable John Conyers, Jr.
Chairman, Legislation and National
Security Subcommittee
Committee on Government Operations
House of Representatives
Dear Mr. Chairman:
In response to your request, we are presenting information on the
size, location, and costs of the diplomatic presence maintained by
the State Department and over 35 other U.S. government agencies at
260 posts in about 170 countries around the world. We reported
earlier on State's process for deciding how many of its staff to
assign to each post.\1
We will report separately on the overall management issues associated
with overseas staffing.
--------------------
\1 State Department: Overseas Staffing Process Not Linked to Policy
Priorities (GAO/NSIAD-94-228, Sept. 20, 1994).
RESULTS IN BRIEF
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :1
Staffing data maintained by the State Department show the following:
The U.S. government employs approximately 37,800 personnel overseas,
including about 18,900 U.S. direct-hire and 18,870 foreign national
direct-hire personnel,\2 at its embassies, consulates, and other
diplomatic offices located in almost every country in the world.
This total does not include large numbers of personnel who are paid
directly or indirectly by the U.S. government and involved in U.S.
government activities overseas. For example, it does not include
military personnel under the command of a U.S. area military
commander. In addition, State and many other agencies contract with
U.S. and foreign national personnel for a variety of services.
State and other agencies do not have accurate data on the number of
contract hires. However, in a report issued by a State management
task force, it was estimated that in 1992, U.S. agencies employed
2,415 U.S. personal services contractors and 38,465 foreign national
contractors overseas.\3
The size of the U.S. presence in countries varies greatly. For
example, there is 1 American foreign service officer at the U.S.
liaison office in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, about
100 U.S. direct hires assigned to 1 post in the Dominican Republic,
nearly 500 assigned to
3 posts in Thailand, and over 1,000 assigned to 7 posts in Germany.
About one-third of the posts and personnel are in Europe.
The median staffing level for a country is about 100 personnel--50
U.S. direct hires and 50 foreign service national employees. That
is, half of the countries with a U.S. presence are staffed with 100
or more employees, and the remaining half have fewer than 100
employees.
There are multiple posts in 35 countries--15 countries in Europe, 8
in East Asia and the Pacific, 5 in North and South America, 3 in the
Near East, 2 in Africa, and 2 in South Asia. For example, a total of
nine posts are in Mexico--eight consulates or consulates general in
addition to the embassy in Mexico City.
Overall, U.S. direct-hire staffing levels have increased by 19
percent over the past 10 years, although the pace of growth has
generally slowed in the 1990s. (Direct-hire foreign national
staffing levels have remained constant.) State officials indicated
that the data probably understated the number of Defense personnel
assigned to diplomatic posts in the mid-1980s. Because of
uncertainties over the data on Defense personnel, State indicated
that using this data to depict the overall staffing trend may not
accurately portray the growth rate. Excluding Defense personnel,
U.S. direct-hire levels have grown by about 6 percent since 1984.
Most of this growth has been in nonforeign affairs agencies, which
include the Departments of Justice, Treasury, and Transportation.
Nonforeign affairs agencies, excluding the Department of Defense,
increased from about 1,600 U.S. direct-hire employees in 1984 to
2,300 in 1994. The staffing growth experienced by these agencies
reflects the increasingly global character of their missions.
State's U.S. direct-hire staffing levels have increased slightly but
not as much as some other agencies it supports overseas. In 1994,
State represented 38 percent of U.S. direct-hire staffing overseas.
Cost information we obtained showed the following:
In fiscal year 1993, the 10 agencies we surveyed spent approximately
$1.3 billion for salaries, benefits, and allowances for staff. They
spent nearly an additional $1.3 billion in associated overseas
operating costs.
The costs of stationing U.S. government personnel overseas are high.
Some agencies estimate that it costs roughly two to three times more
to keep a person abroad than in Washington. For example, a recent
analysis conducted by the U.S. Agency for International Development
estimated the average cost per agency U.S. direct-hire employee
overseas at approximately $352,000--or about three times the $109,000
average cost for a Washington-based employee. These figures are
based on allocating the agency's total operating expenses (including
the costs of foreign service nationals and personal services
contractors) to U.S. direct hires only.
Much of the difference is due to compensatory and incentive
allowances and benefits, such as the costs for post travel,
educational allowance, hardship pay, cost-of-living adjustment,
language incentive, rest and recuperation travel, rent, and other
expenses. For internal budgeting purposes, the State Department has
estimated the cost of allowances and benefits for a new American
position overseas at roughly $93,000 in the first year. Adding an
average of $60,000 for salary and $75,000 for other operating
expenses such as household and office furnishings and security, State
has used $228,000 as the estimated cost in the first year to add a
new American position overseas.
Appendix I provides information on the number and location of the
U.S. government's overseas personnel, as well as trends over the
last 10 years. Appendix II provides data on costs associated with
the U.S. overseas presence.
--------------------
\2 These types of positions and other key terms are defined in the
glossary.
\3 U.S. Department of State, State 2000: A New Model for Managing
Foreign Affairs, Report of the U.S. Department of State Management
Task Force (Dec. 1992).
SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :2
To obtain staffing information, we interviewed officials and reviewed
data from the Department of State, Bureau of Finance and Management
Policy. This Bureau is responsible for providing guidance on issues
dealing with the authority of the Chiefs of Mission over policy
implementation, the number of personnel assigned to their posts, and
the activities of all U.S. government agencies, except for those
under a U.S. area military commander. According to these officials,
State's databases are the only centralized source of current and
historical U.S. government overseas staffing data.
We have conducted a review of overseas diplomatic staffing, including
State's staffing of its posts abroad and the overall management
weaknesses associated with overseas staffing. As part of our review,
we conducted work at selected diplomatic posts.\4 We compared
staffing data developed by the post and by agencies' headquarters as
a basis for validating the data from State's databases.
To obtain cost information, we interviewed budget officials and
compiled data from headquarters organizations in Washington, D.C.,
including the Department of State, Defense Security Assistance
Agency, Defense Intelligence Agency, Drug Enforcement Administration,
Federal Bureau of Investigation, Foreign Agricultural Service,
Immigration and Naturalization Service, U.S. Agency for
International Development, U.S. and Foreign Commercial Service, and
U.S. Information Agency. We did not verify the cost data that
officials provided from their records and data systems.
We conducted our work between April and September 1994 in accordance
with generally accepted government auditing standards.
As you requested, we did not obtain written agency comments on this
fact sheet. However, we shared a draft of this fact sheet with
officials from State's Bureau of Finance and Management Policy, our
primary source of information. We also shared a draft of this fact
sheet with headquarters officials from each organization we reviewed.
We considered the comments we received from these officials and,
where appropriate, incorporated their comments in preparing our final
report. Where there were significant differences between the
staffing data reported by an agency and State (i.e., U.S. Agency for
International Development and U.S. Information Agency), we did not
attempt to reconcile the variances. However, we have annotated the
pertinent tables and charts to alert the reader to the differences.
We also annotated the tables and charts, where appropriate, to
reflect adjustments we have made to address the limitations of the
data, particularly for the Department of Defense.
--------------------
\4 We conducted work at diplomatic posts in Benin, Costa Rica, Cote
d'Ivoire, Denmark, Guyana, France, Morocco, Nepal, the Philippines,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, and Tunisia.
---------------------------------------------------------- Letter :2.1
As agreed with your office, unless you publicly announce this fact
sheet's contents earlier, we plan no further distribution until 30
days from its issue date. At that time, we will send copies to
appropriate congressional committees; the Secretary of State; the
Director, Office of Management and Budget; and other interested
parties. We
Please contact me at (202) 512-4128 if you or your staff have any
questions concerning this fact sheet. Major contributors to this
fact sheet are listed in appendix III.
Sincerely yours,
Joseph E. Kelley
Director-in-Charge
International Affairs Issues
STAFFING DATA
=========================================================== Appendix I
LIMITATIONS ON DATA
--------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:1
For this report, we used staffing data from the databases maintained
by the Department of State, Bureau of Finance and Management Policy,
which is the only centralized source of current and historical
overseas staffing data. However, State's data do not fully capture
the total workforce of the U.S. government overseas. The staffing
data provided in this report are authorized full-time U.S.
direct-hire and foreign national positions that are under the
authority of the Chief of Mission, usually the U.S. ambassador to a
country. However, the staffing data do not include large numbers of
personnel who are paid directly or indirectly by the U.S. government
and involved in U.S. government activities overseas. For example,
State and many other agencies hire U.S. and foreign national
personnel through contracts for a variety of services. State and
other agencies do not have accurate data on the number of contract
hires. However, in a report issued by a State management task force,
it was estimated that in 1992, there were 2,415 U.S. personal
services contractors and 38,465 foreign national contractors
overseas. These contractors exceed the total number of U.S. direct
hires and foreign service national employees covered in this fact
sheet.
In addition to American and locally hired personal services
contractors, the following U.S. government employees overseas are
not included in this report:
U.S. military and civilian personnel and their civilian dependents
under the command of a U.S. area military commander;\1
nonexecutive branch government employees such as employees of GAO and
the Library of Congress;
part-time intermittent, temporary employees; and
U.S. government employees assigned overseas on temporary duty for up
to a year.
Because there is no central source of information on overseas
staffing levels, State obtains data for a given agency from a variety
of sources, such as agency staffing patterns and cables from posts.
Using these sources, State analysts then construct post staffing
profiles for each agency. However, State does not have a validation
process that enables each agency to routinely verify the data for
accuracy. We validated the State Department's staffing data for
selected posts and found some discrepancies between the data
maintained by headquarters and the posts. In addition, because State
used three different databases to provide the staffing data, there
were some inconsistencies in worldwide totals. However, these
differences were not significant.
Although they acknowledge the inadequacies of the overseas staffing
data, State officials maintain that the data are useful in reviewing
overall staffing trends. The staffing data presented in this report
are also useful as a point of reference. However, specific staffing
levels should be verified with agency and post officials when precise
information is essential, such as when the information is used to
make critical management decisions.
Particular caution should be exercised in analyzing Department of
Defense (DOD) data. According to State officials, over the years,
State diligently tried to improve the accuracy of its database on DOD
employees to record the number of U.S. direct hires under Chief of
Mission authority as opposed to those under a U.S. area military
command. They told us that data reported for the early years of our
review (mid-1980s) did not accurately capture all DOD personnel that
came under Chief of Mission authority--a condition that State
officials assert was corrected in the last several years. State's
data probably understated the number of personnel DOD had assigned
overseas. Thus, it is difficult to determine how much of the
increases reported for DOD on a year-to-year basis reflect a real
growth in staffing levels and how much are the result of accounting
for positions that had not been previously reported. For this
reason, when reviewing DOD's staffing trends, we focused on those DOD
agencies whose historical numbers were judged by State and DOD to be
reasonably reliable. These are the Defense Intelligence Agency,
Defense Security Assistance Agency, Marine Corps security guards, and
Naval Support Unit (Seabees). Where applicable, tables and charts
showing DOD data are footnoted to indicate whether the data reflect
DOD-wide or selected Defense agencies' numbers.
For purposes of this report, foreign affairs agencies are those
utilizing the foreign service personnel system and include the
Department of State, U.S. Information Agency (USIA), U.S. Agency
for International Development (USAID), Foreign Agricultural Service
(FAS), and U.S. and Foreign Commercial Service (US&FCS). We have
also included the Peace Corps in this category. Nonforeign affairs
agencies include DOD, the Departments of Justice, Transportation,
Treasury, and subordinate agencies within these departments; the
Departments of Agriculture and Commerce (excluding FAS and US&FCS,
respectively); and other federal agencies.
--------------------
\1 As of March 31, 1994, there were approximately 290,663 uniformed
military personnel, 223,678 command-sponsored military dependents,
16,579 DOD civilian personnel, and 17,471 civilian dependents
assigned overseas. By law, these individuals are not under the
authority of the Chief of Mission.
TREND SHOWS GRADUAL UPWARD
CLIMB IN OVERSEAS STAFFING
LEVELS
--------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:2
The U.S. government employs a total of about 37,800 personnel
overseas--split evenly between U.S. direct-hire employees and
foreign service national employees.
Because of uncertainties regarding the accuracy of the data on DOD
personnel assigned to diplomatic posts in the mid-1980s, it is
difficult to determine the real growth in staffing levels. However,
based on the information provided to us, we found that the growth in
staffing has been among the U.S. direct hires, not the locally hired
workforce. The number of U.S. direct hires increased in relatively
small but steady increments of about 2 percent each year--from about
15,900 in 1984 to 18,940 in 1994, for an overall increase of 19
percent. Excluding DOD due to data accuracy concerns, U.S.
direct-hire levels went from about 11,540 in 1984 to 12,200 in 1994,
an increase of about 6 percent. The number of foreign service
national employees has remained constant at around 18,900 over the
years. Notwithstanding data limitations, we have used State's data
on DOD personnel in the following figures and tables. Figure I.l
depicts the staffing trend since 1984, and table I.l provides the
number of U.S. direct-hire positions by agency since 1984.
Figure I.1: Ten-Year Trend in
U.S. Staffing Overseas (1984
to 1994)
(See figure in printed
edition.)
Table I.1
U.S. Direct Hires Overseas by Agency
(1984 to 1994)
Percent
change
from
1984
AGENCY 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 to 1994
---------------------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ---------
State 7,119 7,200 7,275 7,282 7,282 7,305 7,313 7,309 7,240 7,224 7,168 0.7
Agriculture\a 263 270 287 290 290 287 287 287 246 251 250 -4.9
Commerce\a 244 247 262 243 245 247 244 259 258 258 266 9.0
USAID 1,516 1,554 1,526 1,500 1,495 1,497 1,490 1,371 1,264 1,292 1,254 -17.3\b
USIA 846 846 889 904 903 888 886 867 896 912 878 3.8\c
Defense\a 4,359 4,553 5,031 5,674 5,757 5,820 5,792 5,770 5,876 6,298 6,735 5.2\d
Justice\a 453 498 556 556 556 563 560 766 797 805 881 94.4
Transportation\a 374 374 421 411 411 411 411 407 407 408 492 31.6
Treasury\a 347 366 416 411 411 403 403 400 403 413 418 20.5
Peace Corps 171 171 172 172 172 173 173 222 240 291 300 75.4
Other agencies\e 209 203 206 266 268 269 269 271 279 290 298 42.6
=====================================================================================================================================================
Subtotal for non-State 8,782 9,082 9,766 10,427 10,508 10,558 10,515 10,620 10,666 11,218 11,772 \
agencies
=====================================================================================================================================================
Total 15,901 16,282 17,041 17,709 17,790 17,863 17,828 17,929 17,906 18,442 18,940
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Finance and Management
Policy.
\a These agencies have subordinate agencies represented overseas.
For example, the Department of Commerce includes US&FCS, Bureau of
Census, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Travel
and Tourism Administration, and other subordinate agencies. The
Department of Agriculture primarily includes Foreign Agricultural
Service, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, and Agricultural
Research Service. The Department of Justice includes Drug
Enforcement Administration, Federal Bureau of Investigation,
Immigration and Naturalization Service, and other subordinate
agencies.
\b Data provided by USAID showed 1,133 U.S. direct-hire positions
authorized in 1994,
121 positions less than the number reported from State's database.
\c Data provided by USIA showed its U.S. direct-hire positions
decreasing from 914 in 1984 to 860 in 1994--a decrease of 6 percent.
\d This percentage is based on four DOD agencies whose historical
numbers were judged by State and DOD to be reasonably reliable:
Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Security Assistance Agency,
Marine Corps security guards, and Naval Support Unit (Seabees). For
these agencies, the number of U.S. direct hires increased from 2,464
in 1984 to 2,591 in 1994.
\e Other agencies include American Battle Monuments Commission, Arms
Control and Disarmament Agency, Department of Energy, Environmental
Protection Agency, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Federal
Emergency Management Agency, General Services Administration,
Department of Health and Human Services, Trade and Development
Program, Department of Interior, Japan-U.S. Friendship Commission,
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, National Science
Foundation, U.S. Trade Representative, and Department of Veterans
Affairs.
STATE'S PERCENTAGE OF OVERALL
PRESENCE IS SHRINKING
--------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:3
The overall percentage of U.S. direct hires overseas who are State
employees has decreased since 1984. In 1984, State represented about
45 percent of diplomatic staffing overseas; today, it accounts for
only 38 percent. Similarly, staffing of other foreign affairs
agencies--USIA, USAID, FAS, US&FCS, and the Peace Corps--has also
declined, down from 18 percent in 1984 to 15 percent in 1994. Figure
I.2 shows the U.S. direct-hire staffing levels by agency, and figure
I.3 compares State's staffing level to other agencies.
Figure I.2: Distribution of
U.S. Direct Hires by Agency
(as of April 1994)
(See figure in printed
edition.)
Note: DOD's presence is comprised of security assistance and
security assistance associated personnel, 42 percent; Marine Corps
security guards, 18 percent; Defense Intelligence Agency, 11 percent;
and other Defense personnel (e.g., naval research medical units, Air
Force veterinarians, and fuel supply units), 29 percent.
Figure I.3: State, Other
Foreign Affairs Agencies, and
Nonforeign Affairs Agencies as
a Percentage of All U.S.
Direct Hires for U.S. Agencies
Overseas
(See figure in printed
edition.)
Note: Other foreign affairs agencies are FAS, USAID, US&FCS, USIA,
and the Peace Corps. Nonforeign affairs agencies are DOD, Justice,
Transportation, Treasury, Agriculture (excluding FAS), Commerce
(excluding US&FCS), and other agencies.
STAFFING LEVELS INCREASED IN
NONFOREIGN AFFAIRS AGENCIES
--------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:4
Nonforeign affairs agencies accounted for the increased levels of
U.S. direct hires overseas. In the last 10 years, the number of
U.S. direct hires authorized for nonforeign affairs agencies
overseas (excluding DOD) went from 1,578 to 2,265, an increase of
nearly 44 percent, while the U.S. direct-hire staffing levels of
foreign affairs agencies remained relatively constant. (See figs.
I.4 and I.5.)
Figure I.4: Trend in U.S.
Direct-Hire Staffing Levels
(1984 to 1994)
(See figure in printed
edition.)
Note: Data for FAS and US&FCS, both foreign affairs agencies, were
obtained for 1984 and 1994 only. Therefore, for 1984 and 1994, other
foreign affairs agencies included FAS and US&FCS, in addition to
USIA, USAID, and the Peace Corps. For the intervening years, from
1985 through 1993, other foreign affairs agencies included the
Departments of Agriculture and Commerce since a break out of FAS and
US&FCS data was not readily available. However, this does not
significantly affect the slope of the trend line depicted in this
figure.
Figure I.5: Change in U.S.
Direct-Hire Staffing Levels
(1984 to 1994)
(See figure in printed
edition.)
Note: Other foreign affairs agencies include FAS, USAID, US&FCS,
USIA, and the Peace Corps. Nonforeign affairs agencies include DOD,
Justice, Transportation, Treasury, Agriculture (excluding FAS),
Commerce (excluding US&FCS), and other agencies.
The agencies with the largest increases over the years were Justice,
94 percent; Transportation, 32 percent; and Treasury, 21 percent.
The Department of Justice has consistently reported increases every
year for the past 10 years, going from 453 U.S. direct hires in 1984
to 881 in 1994. Similarly, other nonforeign affairs agencies have
increased their staffing levels.
There are two exceptions to the upward trend in staffing. First, the
Department of Agriculture and USAID have reported a decline in U.S.
direct hires in the last 10 years. Second, the number of U.S.
direct hires USAID has authorized overseas is the lowest it has been
in the last 10 years--1,254 in 1994 compared to a high of 1,554 in
1985.
Despite downsizing efforts announced by several federal agencies,
since last year, overall U.S. direct-hire staffing levels overseas
have not significantly changed. As shown in table I.1, between 1993
and 1994, total U.S. direct-hire employees overseas (excluding DOD)
increased slightly. Some foreign affairs agencies, including USIA
and USAID, reported decreases of less than 4 percent. State cut
nearly 60 positions, which is less than a l-percent decrease.
Despite these decreases, overall U.S. direct-hire levels grew by
about 3 percent because of offsetting increases in agencies such as
Transportation (21 percent) and Justice (9 percent).
The expansion of the overseas presence of nonforeign affairs agencies
mainly reflects the increasing "globalization" of U.S. national
interests. As a result, the functional scope of diplomatic posts has
broadened, reflecting the diverse interests of U.S. domestic
agencies in fields such as environmental protection, science and
technology, energy, education, health, and transportation. Moreover,
federal functions--including criminal law enforcement, customs,
payment of veterans' and social security benefits, and immigration
control--have contributed to the increased staffing in these areas
overseas. (For a description of the missions and programs of U.S.
agencies with personnel overseas, see
app. II.) This escalation in U.S. presence abroad has increased the
demand for management and logistical services, provided by the State
Department, to support the workforce at overseas posts.
Table I.2 lists the number of U.S. direct-hire positions each agency
has assigned to each country.
Table I.2
U.S. Direct-Hire Position Levels by
Country and Agency (1994)
Agricultur Justice\ Transportatio Treasu Peace Other\
Country Total State USAID\a e\b Commerce\c USIA\d DOD\e f n ry Corps g
-------- ------------------ -------- -------- -------- ---------- ---------- ------ -------- -------- ------------- ------ ------ ------
=====================================================================================================================================================
Africa 2,126 1,003 439 14 14 136 365 3 3 11 124 14
1 Kenya 206 67 73 3 1 9 46 0 0 0 6 1
2 South Africa 150 87 14 2 3 16 26 0 0 2 0 0
3 Cote d'Ivoire 137 53 39 3 2 6 24 0 0 2 3 5
4 Nigeria 115 65 5 3 5 13 19 3 0 0 2 0
5 Senegal 98 33 35 1 0 6 16 0 2 0 5 0
6 Zaire 81 59 1 0 0 9 10 0 0 0 0 2
7 Cameroon 64 26 15 0 1 4 12 0 0 0 6 0
8 Ethiopia 60 38 10 0 0 3 9 0 0 0 0 0
9 Zimbabwe 60 31 13 0 0 3 9 0 0 0 4 0
10 Botswana 58 19 7 0 0 13 12 0 0 0 7 0
11 Liberia 57 30 3 0 0 3 14 0 1 6 0 0
12 Sudan 56 35 7 0 0 2 12 0 0 0 0 0
13 Niger 56 19 18 0 2 1 9 0 0 0 7 0
14 Zambia 49 27 10 1 0 3 6 0 0 0 2 0
15 Ghana 49 25 11 0 0 4 6 0 0 0 3 0
16 Mali 49 21 16 0 0 1 6 0 0 0 5 0
17 Mozambique 49 20 18 0 0 2 9 0 0 0 0 0
18 Uganda 46 19 16 0 0 2 6 0 0 0 3 0
19 Chad 46 17 9 1 0 1 15 0 0 0 3 0
20 Guinea 45 19 14 0 0 1 7 0 0 0 4 0
21 Madagascar 42 17 10 0 0 3 9 0 0 0 3 0
22 Tanzania 40 20 8 0 0 2 7 0 0 0 3 0
23 Malawi 40 13 17 0 0 1 6 0 0 0 3 0
24 Gabon 36 10 0 0 0 13 6 0 0 0 7 0
25 Togo 34 16 5 0 0 2 6 0 0 1 4 0
26 Swaziland 30 9 12 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 5
27 Sierra Leone 28 15 0 0 0 1 6 0 0 0 5 1
28 Burundi 28 9 9 0 0 1 6 0 0 0 3 0
29 Burkina Faso 27 15 5 0 0 1 6 0 0 0 0 0
30 Congo 26 13 0 0 0 2 8 0 0 0 3 0
31 Namibia 25 14 5 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 3 0
32 Djibouti 24 16 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0
33 Rwanda 23 8 11 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 0
34 Somalia 21 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
35 Mauritania 21 11 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 4 0
36 Central African 20 10 1 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 3 0
Republic
37 Mauritius 18 11 0 0 0 1 6 0 0 0 0 0
38 Benin 18 9 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 0
39 Guinea-Bissau 15 7 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0
40 Angola 14 13 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
41 Lesotho 13 5 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 0
42 Gambia 13 5 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0
43 Eritria 11 10 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
44 Seychelles 10 5 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 1 0
45 Cape Verde 9 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0
46 Equatorial Guinea 8 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0
47 Comoros* 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
=====================================================================================================================================================
East Asia and the 2,932 1,105 129 39 76 158 1,019 108 171 37 44 54
Pacific
1 Japan 561 132 0 7 23 25 189 7 147 11 0 20
2 Thailand 493 172 18 1 2 16 210 55 1 3 5 10
3 Philippines 344 125 42 2 5 30 105 9 1 7 5 13
4 Korea 279 93 0 4 8 17 143 6 0 3 0 5
5 Indonesia 220 78 40 6 5 14 76 0 1 0 0 0
6 China 217 134 0 6 12 24 35 0 1 2 3 0
7 Singapore 185 45 22 2 4 2 89 5 14 2 0 0
8 Hong Kong\h 169 80 0 2 5 10 47 13 0 7 0 5
9 Australia 163 73 0 4 7 7 61 7 1 2 0 1
10 Malaysia 89 42 0 2 3 4 35 3 0 0 0 0
11 Burma 47 32 0 0 0 2 10 3 0 0 0 0
12 New Zealand 38 20 0 1 1 2 14 0 0 0 0 0
13 Fiji 32 12 6 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 11 0
14 Papua New Guinea 18 11 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 4 0
15 Cambodia 18 16 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
16 Laos 13 10 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0
17 Mongolia 11 7 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0
18 Marshall Islands 11 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 2 0
19 Micronesia 10 3 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 0
20 Brunei 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21 Western Samoa 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0
22 Solomon Islands* 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0
23 Palau 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
=====================================================================================================================================================
Near East 2,986 692 173 18 22 83 1,893 3 36 14 6 46
1 Saudi Arabia 1,395 92 0 5 11 9 1,219 0 17 11 0 31
2 Egypt 488 102 110 4 4 13 251 3 0 1 0 0
3 Israel 156 69 1 0 1 6 74 0 0 0 0 5
4 Kuwait 137 41 0 0 2 2 71 0 15 2 0 4
5 Morocco 137 53 25 2 1 20 34 0 0 0 2 0
6 Jordan 116 52 15 0 0 6 39 0 0 0 0 4
7 United Arab 93 34 0 3 1 1 54 0 0 0 0 0
Emirates
8 Tunisia 90 47 7 2 0 6 24 0 0 0 2 2
9 Bahrain 75 28 0 0 0 1 42 0 4 0 0 0
10 Oman 64 23 4 0 0 2 35 0 0 0 0 0
11 Syria 49 34 0 0 0 4 11 0 0 0 0 0
12 Yemen 49 23 10 0 0 3 11 0 0 0 2 0
13 Algeria 45 24 0 2 1 5 13 0 0 0 0 0
14 Jerusalem\h 33 25 0 0 0 2 6 0 0 0 0 0
15 Lebanon 28 21 1 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0
16 Iraq 12 9 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
17 Qatar 10 6 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0
18 Afghanistan* 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
=====================================================================================================================================================
Europe and Canada 6,609 2,482 74 67 104 278 2,491 333 274 283 72 151
1 Germany 1,081 322 10 6 13 34 557 25 65 21 0 28
2 Canada 637 98 0 5 11 6 179 170 0 167 0 1
3 United Kingdom 523 125 0 4 7 9 257 15 50 20 0 36
4 Italy 402 140 4 7 8 15 119 27 58 18 0 6
5 France 391 204 4 6 11 15 101 14 2 24 0 10
6 Belgium 382 138 0 8 4 12 158 7 44 4 0 7
7 Spain 341 72 0 2 4 11 215 5 30 0 0 3
8 Turkey 341 91 0 1 3 9 208 9 20 0 0 0
9 Russia 293 148 10 3 9 22 68 3 1 4 13 12
10 Greece 263 142 0 1 4 26 78 11 1 0 0 0
11 Austria 196 95 0 3 3 17 53 12 2 3 0 8
12 Switzerland 186 112 0 4 6 4 32 7 0 1 0 20
13 Poland 154 79 9 3 2 18 33 0 0 0 5 5
14 Netherlands 151 42 0 7 4 3 76 6 0 9 0 4
15 Portugal 118 47 2 2 1 3 63 0 0 0 0 0
16 Denmark 83 26 0 1 1 2 49 3 1 0 0 0
17 Hungary 81 41 0 0 2 6 27 0 0 0 4 1
18 Romania 74 40 5 0 1 7 18 0 0 0 3 0
19 Czech Republic 65 31 0 0 1 7 22 0 0 0 4 0
20 Finland 65 36 0 0 3 2 24 0 0 0 0 0
21 Cyprus 64 32 0 0 0 1 19 5 0 0 0 7
22 Sweden 60 37 0 1 3 3 16 0 0 0 0 0
23 Serbia-Montenegro 58 31 0 0 1 8 18 0 0 0 0 0
24 Ukraine 58 29 9 1 0 3 10 0 0 0 6 0
25 Norway 53 29 0 0 1 2 21 0 0 0 0 0
26 Bulgaria 52 27 4 0 0 5 14 0 0 0 2 0
27 Ireland 38 23 0 0 1 1 8 5 0 0 0 0
28 Kazakhstan 32 16 6 1 0 2 2 0 0 0 5 0
29 Croatia 30 17 1 0 0 2 10 0 0 0 0 0
30 Bermuda 26 3 0 1 0 0 0 9 0 12 0 1
31 Slovak Republic 23 12 4 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 2 0
32 Uzbekistan 22 15 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 5 0
33 Albania 21 12 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 3 0
34 Armenia 21 14 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 3 0
35 Luxembourg 20 12 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 2
36 Malta 20 13 0 0 0 1 6 0 0 0 0 0
37 Belarus 19 11 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 4 0
38 Iceland 18 10 0 0 0 1 7 0 0 0 0 0
39 Latvia 17 11 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 4 0
40 Georgia 15 13 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
41 Lithuania 14 9 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0
42 Holy See 14 8 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0
43 Kyrgyzstan 14 10 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 0
44 Moldova 13 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0
45 Turkmenistan 13 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0
46 Azerbaijan 13 11 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
47 Estonia 10 8 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
48 Tajikistan 10 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
49 Slovenia 6 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
50 Bosnia- 6 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hercegovina
51 Former Yugoslav 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Republic of
Macedonia
=====================================================================================================================================================
Latin America and 3,442 1,455 303 107 43 151 823 404 8 70 51 27
the Caribbean
1 Mexico 479 210 1 62 18 23 64 82 0 14 0 5
2 Brazil 257 131 2 3 5 28 70 11 2 5 0 0
3 Colombia 211 96 2 2 1 7 49 54 0 0 0 0
4 Honduras 202 61 31 3 1 5 87 7 0 0 7 0
5 El Salvador 188 66 38 0 0 6 65 11 0 0 2 0
6 Bolivia 183 57 28 0 0 4 37 53 0 0 3 1
7 Venezuela 161 69 0 3 3 7 51 15 1 8 0 4
8 Peru 152 73 19 1 1 7 30 21 0 0 0 0
9 Bahamas 150 17 0 2 0 1 34 61 0 35 0 0
10 Panama 149 56 10 2 2 5 45 11 1 5 2 10
11 Guatemala 132 48 21 11 1 5 30 9 0 0 4 3
12 Argentina 116 53 0 3 2 9 39 7 1 0 2 0
13 Ecuador 116 50 17 1 1 6 28 10 0 0 2 1
14 Dominican Republic 108 56 17 3 1 2 21 4 0 1 3 0
15 Costa Rica 108 45 25 4 1 8 14 6 2 0 3 0
16 Jamaica 100 50 19 1 2 2 16 4 0 0 5 1
17 Chile 99 48 1 3 3 5 31 5 0 0 2 1
18 Nicaragua 94 43 30 0 0 3 16 0 0 0 2 0
19 Haiti 86 42 17 2 0 3 17 2 1 0 2 0
20 Barbados 71 33 16 0 0 2 14 6 0 0 0 0
21 Uruguay 60 27 1 0 0 2 14 12 0 2 2 0
22 Paraguay 51 21 1 0 0 3 15 3 0 0 3 5
23 Cuba 38 27 0 0 0 1 10 0 0 0 0 0
24 Belize 33 13 6 1 0 3 5 2 0 0 3 0
25 Trinidad and 30 20 0 0 1 1 8 0 0 0 0 0
Tobago
26 Guyana 28 20 1 0 0 1 6 0 0 0 0 0
27 Suriname 21 13 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0
28 Netherlands 11 4 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0
Antilles
29 Antigua and 5 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
Barbuda*
30 Grenada 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
=====================================================================================================================================================
South Asia 727 348 136 5 7 63 128 29 0 3 6 2
1 Pakistan 261 124 57 1 1 14 38 22 0 3 0 1
2 India 259 139 14 4 6 28 61 7 0 0 0 0
3 Bangladesh 84 34 34 0 0 5 10 0 0 0 0 1
4 Sri Lanka 69 28 17 0 0 13 11 0 0 0 0 0
5 Nepal 54 23 14 0 0 3 8 0 0 0 6 0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Finance and Management
Policy.
(*)State has closed these posts. However, other agencies may
continue to maintain staff at some of these locations. In addition,
State may continue to carry position data in its database because (1)
it is anticipated that the post might reopen, (2) data from other
agencies have not been updated, or (3) corrections have not been made
to the data system to assign remaining positions to another post.
\a Staffing data provided by USAID showed that it had 1,133 U.S.
direct-hire positions in 1994, 121 less than the 1,254 authorized
level reported from State's database. In addition, there were some
discrepancies in the distribution of these positions. For example,
according to USAID officials, no positions are authorized for the
following countries: Central African Republic, Portugal, Togo, and
Zaire. However, as shown above, information from State's database
continues to reflect USAID presence in these locations. Agency
officials also told us that USAID plans to reduce or eliminate
positions authorized for several countries in which the agency
currently maintains a presence.
\b The Department of Agriculture includes primarily the Foreign
Agricultural Service, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, and
Agricultural Research Service.
\c The Department of Commerce includes US&FCS, Bureau of Census,
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Travel and
Tourism Administration, and other subordinate agencies.
\d Staffing data provided by USIA showed that, in general, its 1994
figures were comparable to those reported from State's database.
\e DOD includes Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Mapping Agency,
Marine Corps security guards, Naval Support Unit (Seabees), security
assistance and associated personnel, and other defense personnel.
\f The Department of Justice includes Drug Enforcement
Administration, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Immigration and
Naturalization Service, and other subordinate agencies.
\g Other agencies include American Battle Monuments Commission, Arms
Control and Disarmament Agency, Department of Energy, Environmental
Protection Agency, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Federal
Emergency Management Agency, General Services Administration,
Department of Health and Human Services, Trade and Development
Program, Department of Interior, Japan-U.S. Friendship Commission,
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, National Science
Foundation, U.S. Trade Representative, and Department of Veterans
Affairs.
\h The consulates general in Hong Kong and Jerusalem are independent
foreign service posts.
STAFFING CHANGES IN THE REGIONS
VARIED
--------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:5
The largest staffing decrease between 1993 and 1994 was in the Latin
America and the Caribbean region, with an overall decrease of over 90
positions, or about a 3-percent reduction. Africa and South Asia
both show smaller decreases. The Near East region showed the largest
increase--up by nearly 400 positions or an increase of 15 percent.
The U.S. presence in Europe and Canada grew by about 300 positions
due primarily to increases in nonforeign affairs agencies such as the
Departments of Justice and Transportation. Staffing levels in East
Asia and the Pacific went up by about 60 positions or a 2-percent
growth. (See fig. I.6.)
Figure I.6: Change in U.S.
Direct-Hire Staffing Levels by
Region Between 1993 and 1994
(See figure in printed
edition.)
STAFFING LEVELS VARY WIDELY
--------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:6
The United States maintains a presence in 169 countries: 51
countries in Europe and Canada, 45 in Africa, 29 in Latin America and
the Caribbean, 22 in East Asia and the Pacific, 17 in the Near East,
and 5 in South Asia. Staffing levels vary widely, ranging anywhere
from a l-person post in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to
about 1,100 U.S. direct-hire and 800 foreign service national
employees in Germany. The median staffing level for a country is
about 100 personnel--50 U.S. direct hires and 50 foreign service
national employees. That is, half of the countries with a U.S.
presence are staffed with 100 or more employees, and the remaining
half have fewer than 100 employees.
Based on the number of U.S. direct hires and locally hired staff,
8 countries have staffing levels that exceed l,000--Germany, Saudi
Arabia, the Philippines, Japan, Mexico, Thailand, Egypt, and France.
The U.S. presence in Saudi Arabia is the second largest, primarily
because of DOD. The largest locally hired workforce is in the
Philippines where 8 agencies employ over 1,000 foreign service
nationals. In the top 25 countries, the workforce consists of 380
employees or more U.S. direct-hire and foreign service national
employees. About one-third of the countries have 30 or less American
direct hires working at post.
Figure I.7 shows the countries with the largest U.S. direct-hire and
foreign service national staffing, while table I.3 provides the U.S.
direct-hire and foreign service national staffing levels for each
country with a U.S. presence.
Figure I.7: The Top 25
Countries With the Largest
Staffing
(See figure in printed
edition.)
Table I.3
List of Countries in Rank Order Based on
the Level of Staffing