The following OPSEC measures are offered as a guide only. Development of specific OPSEC measures is as varied as the specific vulnerabilities they are designed to offset.

1. Operational and Logistic Measures
   (1) Randomize the performance of functions and operational missions. Avoid repetitive or stereotyped tactics and procedures for executing operations or activities in terms of time, place, event sequencing, formations, and C2 arrangements.

   (2) Employ force dispositions and C2 control arrangements that conceal the location, identity, and command relationships of major units.

   (3) Conduct support activities in a way that will not reveal intensification of preparations before initiating operations.

   (4) Transport supplies and personnel to combat units in a way that conceals the location and identity of the combat units.

   (5) Operate aircraft at low altitude to avoid radar detection.

   (6) Operate to minimize the reflective surfaces that units or weapon systems present to radars and sonars.

   (7) Use darkness to mask deployments or force generation.

   (8) Approach an objective "out of the sun" to prevent detection.

2. Technical Measures
   (1) Use radio communications emission control, low- probability-of-intercept techniques and systems, traffic flow security, padding, flashing light or flag hoist, UHF relay via aircraft, burst transmission technologies, secure phones, landline, and couriers. Limit use of HF radios and directional SHF transponders.

   (2) Control radar emission, operate at reduced power, operate radars common to many units, assign radar guard to units detached from formations or to air early warning aircraft, and use anechoic coatings.

   (3) Mask emissions or forces from radar or visual detection by use of terrain (such as mountains and islands).

   (4) Maintain sound silence or operate at reduced power, proceed at slow speeds, turn off selected equipment, and use anechoic coatings.

   (5) Use screen jamming, camouflage, smoke, background noise, added sources of heat or light, paint, or weather.

3. Administrative Measures
   (1) Avoid bulletin board, plan of the day, or planning schedule notices that reveal when events will occur.

   (2) Conceal budgetary transactions, supply requests and actions, and arrangements for services that reveal preparations for activity.

   (3) Conceal the issuance of orders, the movement of specially qualified personnel to units, and the installation of special capabilities.

   (4) Control trash and garbage dumping or other housekeeping functions to conceal the locations and identities of units.

   (5) Follow normal leave and liberty policies to the maximum extent possible before an operation starts in order to preserve a sense of normalcy.

   (6) Ensure that personnel discretely prepare for their families' welfare in their absence and that their families are sensitized to their potential abrupt departure.

4. Military Deception In Support of OPSEC
   (1) Deception can be an effective OPSEC measure, provided that prior coordination is accomplished when actions will affect other commanders. Military deception can be used to:
   (a) Cause adversary intelligence to fail to target friendly activity; collect against targeted tests, operations, exercises, or other activities; or determine through analysis vital capabilities and characteristics of systems and vital aspects of policies, procedures, doctrine, and tactics.

   (b) Create confusion about, or multiple interpretations of, vital information obtainable from open sources.

   (c) Cause a loss of interest by foreign and random observers in test, operation, exercise, or other activity.

   (d) Convey inaccurate locating and targeting information to opposing forces.

   (2) In accordance with CJCSI 3211.01A, commanders are authorized to conduct military deception:
   (a) To support OPSEC during the preparation and execution phases of normal operations, provided that prior coordination is accomplished for actions that will affect other commanders.

   (b) When the commander's forces are engaged or are subject to imminent attack.

5. Command and Control Warfare. During hostilities, use physical destruction and electronic attack against the adversary's ability to collect and process information. C2W actions that can be used in support of OPSEC includes strikes against an adversary's satellites, SIGINT sites, radars, fixed sonar installations, reconnaissance aircraft, and ships.