US ARMY INTELLIGENCE CENTER & FT. HUACHUCA SHO TNBRSA Student Handout MARCH 1995 REQUIREMENTS, SOURCES, AND AGENCIES 1. OBJECTIVES: This instruction prepares you to properly exploit the six basic categories of intelligence requirements associated with OOTW; apply IEW correctly to identify the threat, focus intelligence collection assets and coordinate and disseminate intelligence; task sources and agencies to satisfy the requirements associated with OOTW; and introduces you to operational categories of OOTW. 2. The IEW challenges vary for each category of OOTW but, in general, they remain the following: a. Identify the Threat: The threat is often ambiguous and could be multiple and very complex in nature. The threat could also be the very organization US forces are sent to assist. In OOTW the threat is hard to define. b. Focus Intelligence Collection Assets: Collecting against the threat is difficult due to the nature of the threat as well as the nature of US collection systems which were originally designed against well defined more collectable threats. c. Coordinate and Disseminate Intelligence: Coordinating and disseminating is difficult in OOTW due to the fact that often OOTW operations are joint in nature, with Army, Navy, Air Force and Marine forces as well as non-DOD agencies. Lastly, involvement of a Host/third country makes dissemination, for security and communications reasons, extremely difficult. 3. Six basic categories of intelligence requirements associated with OOTW: a. Political: Does the government recognize it has a problem? This is very critical. If they don't, the US forces could have a major problem in implementing a COIN operation. How do the political structure, laws and regulations of the government support or hinder COIN operations? What are the government's national policies (foreign and domestic)? What are the significant political groups? What biographic data is needed on key political figures? Where and by whom were major leaders taught? Where did they go to college, if at all, and what university? b. Economic: What is the status of the country's commerce and industry i.e., who owns them and where are they located? What agricultural products are grown and what percent of land is owned by the population? How is the labor force broken down by location and skills? What is the status of economic organizations, investment and aid? Who does the country trade with? Who has large investments in the country? What treaties does the country have? What and where are the natural resources? What types of communications - civilian domestic and international - does the country have? Where are they located and who controls them? How well do they work? How widespread are various types of media sources (TV, radio, newspaper, magazines)? Who owns them and what political leanings do they have? c. Sociological: What are the country's social structure and characteristics of the people? What are their customs and manners? What are the languages and dialects? Where are they spoken? Who and where are the minorities? What is the demographic makeup of the population? What is the literacy rate? What, if any, education programs and facilities exist? What types of refugee camps exist, where are they and what is their status? What are the public health programs and facilities? What are the social ills and how is the government and public reacting to them? d. Geographic/Environmental: All standard military weather and terrain data requirements such as surface configuration, drainage and vegetation are valid. However, the country's climate is very important to long range military and civil affairs projects. The population in remote areas may be adversely affected by cyclic climatological changes and become vulnerable to insurgent psyop attacks. OOTW operations require a detailed analysis of population-related key terrain and other non-standard terrain factors. Military maps and charts may be scarce or non-existent. Additionally, you must ask questions that pertain to use of the land by government, US and insurgent/terrorist/guerrilla forces. It is expected that the analyst will examine the terrain and weather for its impact on friendly and enemy capabilities and courses of action. However, the difficult part is to narrow down the actual requirements each side has in order to fight. (1) What types of insurgent camps does he need (training, headquarters, logistics, storage and distribution, medical, communications, displaced persons, etc.)? Each type of facility has its own unique requirements. Determine what those are before trying to template them for enemy forces locations. Attempt to develop a baseline of information, by type. (2) What types of mobility does the host military have? If the host military does not have a technologically sophisticated force, it may have the same capabilities and limitations (weather and terrain) that the insurgents have (see below). e. Host Government Military and Security Forces: Intelligence on the Host nation forces is as important as it is on insurgent forces. What are their weapons, equipment, organization, doctrine and tactics? Where were their leaders trained? From whom do they receive their logistics support? What is the manpower pool? What is the attitude of the armed forces? Does the military support the government or is it infiltrated with insurgents? What intelligence capabilities does the military have? What are the national level agencies which support or could support OOTW operations across the board? What are the military's training areas and patterns? After requesting all the information on military forces, you need to gather the same general type of data on the security forces of a nation; such as its police, airport security, presidential guards, reserves, national guard, etc. Not all countries have a separate security arm. But if they do, often these forces are more suited toward internal security than the military. f. Threat: Knowledge of the threat is required in OOTW as in any situation. But is frequently more difficult to develop. What and where are the leaders and what is their philosophy? By whom and where are the insurgents being trained? What equipment do they have and who is supplying it? What are their financial resources? What is their ideology and what, if any, appeal does it have for the population? What are the sources and types of external support? What are their tactics and targets? What are their communications and transportation capabilities?- What are their sources of internal support? How many insurgent movements, sub-groups are there and what, if any, are their goals and timetables for reaching those goals? 4. Categories of intelligence products: a. Current Intelligence: Essentially day-to-day events to keep consumers apprised of new developments. b. Estimative Intelligence: Projects forward using known facts, analysis and predictions based upon both, as well as what may not be known. c. Warning Intelligence: Communicates danger strongly inherent to US interests in a time, form and fashion to enable a decision to be made. d. Research Intelligence: Studies with graphs and charts relating current and estimative intelligence to deal with potential capabilities. Two subcategories include: (1) Basic Intelligence: Geographic, demographic, social, military, and political data on foreign countries. (2) Intelligence for Operations Support: Tailored, focused and rapidly produced intelligence for planners and operators; to include data for targeting and terrain analysis. Involves national through tactical input for tactical intelligence. e. Scientific and Technical: All-source analysis of a technical nature which covers the entire spectrum of sciences and analysis of such things as weapons systems, technologies and assists in monitoring. f. Open Source Intelligence: Gaps or shortcomings in your information can be filled by going to unclassified sources such as educational institutions, financial institutions and businesses. Open sources such as weekly news magazines, encyclopedias, maps and geodetic surveys, wire services and network TV news can provide near real-time on-the-spot information to augment classified current intelligence reporting. Be aware of any tendency toward bias when using open sources. Many periodicals make it difficult to separate fact from conjecture or opinion. 5. Register of Intelligence Publications: DIA publishes the Register of Intelligence Publications which is a comprehensive list of periodic intelligence reports produced by the entire range of DOD intelligence activities. Before going on, lets define collection sources and agencies. 6. Collection Sources and Agencies: a. Agency: An agency is an organization designed to collect intelligence or information or perform other official functions in service of the government. All national intelligence agencies can support OOTW missions to some degree. OOTW against conventional threats can count on the full range of technical collection assets. While high-tech collection can be brought to bear on insurgents and drug traffickers, these technical systems will have to be cued and focused in order to be effective. All the organizations at all levels we have discussed so far can be considered agencies. b. Source: A source is an individual or group that works outside official status, is not formally designed to gather or produce intelligence, but can provide invaluable information. Examples include bankers, shop owners, teachers, host government officials, etc. At the tactical level, raw information or intelligence can be acquired through the collection of information from sources vice agencies. NOTE: The key to sources and agencies is that agencies have intelligence collection as a mission and to that extent can be considered more reliable in satisfying your requirements. Sources, on the other hand, have another job, may not be as easy to tap into for information on a regular basis and are less timely than agencies. 7. National Level Producers: Both DOD and non-DOD agencies develop and produce the above types of intelligence products which may answer any of the intelligence requirements you have identified in OOTW environments. 8. Service Intelligence Producers: These producers usually provide service-oriented intelligence products and are the first step in requests for information (RFIs) which can be answered from data bases. The Army uses the Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM); the Air Force has the Air Force Intelligence Agency (AFIA); the Navy uses Naval Operations Intelligence Center (NOIC or NAVOPINCEN); and the Marine Corps has the MSMC Intelligence Center in Quantico, Virginia. These organizations do not have identical missions and capabilities and their focus is generally on providing intelligence suited for their service. 9. Operational Level (Theater): The tactical analyst usually ties into the National or service level analysis and collection capabilities at the operational level. This is also usually the first level where a joint environment is found, although there are exceptions. a. The Joint Intelligence Center: The Joint Intelligence Center is the analytical effort under the theater J2 senior intelligence officer (usually a general). The JICs are found at PACOM, CENTCOM and EUCOM and represent an effort to bring together all services. JICs produce finished intelligence and often man a theater-watch or warning center for I&W. In many cases, the JIC also interfaces directly with national-level. b. The Joint Reconnaissance Center: The Joint Reconnaissance Center is the collection effort under the theater J2. It coordinates theater-level collection assets of all the services in theater and in many cases interfaces directly with national-level. c. The Joint Special Operations: The Joint Special Operations is the theater-level coordination focus for all services special forces (SF) elements in the theater. 10. Operational Level (Army): There are a number of elements which come under or out of the Corps G2. a. The MI Brigades: Provide all-source analysis and collection effort for the army in a theater and are usually dedicated to a theater (513th MI BDE -- CENTCOM Army Assets; 500th MI BDE, IX Corps Asset; 501st MI BDE -- US Army Assets in Korea). Their analysis can be single source or all-source and much of their collection effort goes into national level. b. Theater Army Special Operations Support Command (TASOSC): TASOSC is a potential producer as well as a consumer of intelligence. The close association between SOF missions and OOTW can be of benefit to the intelligence officer of a non-SOF unit who has assumed a mission in the region/country. Much of the work on developing and answering requirements might already have been done by the intelligence officer associated with the SOF element. c. The Tactical Analysis Team (TAT): TAT is an ad hoc organization developed with the mission associated with US interests with a particular country or region in mind. The TAT supports the country team, which works for the ambassador. The TAT has access to national-level resources and, although they may be difficult for the army intelligence officer to access on a routine basis, they may provide a solid foundation of basic intelligence topics before arrival or immediately upon arrival in country. The TATs are the focal point of the fusion of tactical intelligence from national, theater and local assets. TATs are capable of funneling intelligence support to the host government through the country team (their primary role). 9. Tactical Level: These are the military intelligence assets organic or attached to the MI Battalion at division or the MI company at regiment/brigade. These assets work for the tactical commander and can be expected to work with the host nation military and police. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION As stated earlier, the information requirements for each category of OOTW vary. SUPPORT TO AN INSURGENCY: This category involves supporting foreign political and military entities engaged in pro-democracy struggles within their own border. When deemed appropriate by our national command authorities. US forces can be tasked to provide training, materiel and intelligence support to pro-Western insurgents. Although this mission would probably be assigned to Special Operations Forces, conventional forces may also participate in a limited support role. To determine the intelligence requirements for this operational category, reverse your perspective and put yourself in the place of the insurgents. Look at all the issues noted above in COIN and use these questions to support the insurgents. (NOTE: If the US supports them, they most likely will not be called insurgents for political reasons.) Some specific questions include: Is the insurgency considered legitimate by anyone ? What portion of the population supports the insurgents? What are the political issues which fueled the insurgency? What existing political organizations share the same views? What is the position of neighboring countries on the insurgency? What other regional powers support the insurgency and support US involvement? What are the economic factors which influenced the outbreak of the insurgency? What are the government's economic choke points and other weaknesses (political, social, military)? Can the insurgents attack these vulnerabilities without alienating the civilian population? How long can the government finance its COIN operations? What ethnic, religious, cultural and other social divisions exist within the country? Geographical/environmental issues are the same as in COIN, but from the reverse perspective. Some factors concerning Host Nation military/security may not be appropriate as we do not expect support from them. However, knowledge of their capabilities and vulnerabilities is necessary to our assisting the insurgents in fighting them. This overlaps into the Threat category. Terrorism: Combatting terrorism has two major components - antiterrorism and counterterrorism. During peacetime, the Army combats terrorism primarily through anti-terrorism, which is those passive defensive measures taken to minimize vulnerability to terrorism. Anti-terrorism is a form of force protection and, thus, the responsibility of Army commanders at all levels. Antiterrorism complements counterterrorism, which is the full range of offensive measures taken to prevent, deter, and respond to terrorism. Army elements, such as SOF, assist in this interagency effort by applying specialized capabilities to preclude, preempt, and resolve terrorist incidents abroad. Counterterrorism occurs in conflict and war; antiterrorism occurs across the range of military operations. COUNTERTERRORISM: Questions should be similar to those for Support to Insurgency. Counterterrorism is the offensive half of the combatting terrorism operations category. Although the intelligence requirements for CT are very similar, the offensive nature of this mission requires target specific information. This includes layout of terrorist camps, complexes, building interiors, etc. Individual terrorist habits, traits and characteristics similar to COIN are needed. Include questions which relate to terrorists attacks against US interests in retaliation for US support to CT operations ANTITERRORISM: This is primarily defensive in nature and requires an analysis of all the factors considered for CT, but the perspective is reversed to try and prevent incidents. PEACEKEEPING: US forces performing these missions require detailed knowledge of the political and military aspects of the conflict between the belligerents. Many of the diplomatic rules that govern them limit our intelligence collection activities as well as other operations. US forces must understand what economic and social factors are influencing the conflict. Is the war over food or other resources? If so, where are these resources? What are the economic conditions in the buffer zone, if there is a buffer zone? What are the significant ethnic or religious problems and what is the history of these conflicts? Is there any historical precedent for the conflict? Geographic/environmental questions are similar to those for both OOTW and conventional operations, however the detail will vary with the nature of the peacekeeping operation. Although there may not be a Host Nation in the Host sense, questions concerning the belligerent's military and security forces capabilities are certainly applicable. The presence of US peacekeeping forces will, under some circumstances, be under the auspices of the United Nations world organization and will be deployed as determined by the world body in many cases. There may also be third party nations involved in staging base areas and their attitudes towards the PKO may affect US personnel. The threat may be more than a military force in PKO. Civilians of one of the belligerents may attack US PKO forces in retaliation for assistance to another group. The Threat may be unarmed civilians who demonstrate or simply throw rocks. OPERATIONS OTHER THAN WAR: This category is by far the most diverse and demanding on the IEW system. The threats against US forces range from natural disasters to conventional forces. Although by definition, OOTW falls short of war, US forces can face anything from a poorly trained guerrilla group to an elite conventional force. These operations can occur at any time and at any place on the globe. When determining requirements, look at all information requirements and how they apply to the other categories of OOTW. One specific mission is Counterdrug which can require additional information. If carried out within US borders, CD falls under the heading of support to US civil authorities. Elsewhere, we may become involved in assisting a Host Nation with developing a CD force or policy. Some questions include: What are the Host Nation's political issues regarding US CD assistance? Do the majority of the people support their government's CD policy? What is the political sentiment on US involvement? What natural or preexisting social divisions make a segment of society more susceptible to the allures of the drug trade? Does the economic situation offer reasonable alternatives? Are there signs of unexplained affluence among certain groups or in certain areas? Where in the country are the weather and terrain factors favorable to the cultivation of drugs? When are the growing and harvest seasons? Where is the terrain favorable to the establishment of processing plants? What natural and man-made LOCs are available to the drug traffickers? Is the host government military/security committed to the war on drugs? Are they trained and organized to carry out the mission? Can they react to US-provided or derived intelligence? What is the nature of the drug threat? Are they narco-guerrillas? Are they purely drug runners? What is their organization, tactics, weapons, training, transportation? What is their source of chemical precursor support, (internal/external)? In addition, you will likely need some specialized information on what types of drugs are grown in particular areas and what are the indicators? The 13 operational categories of OOTW are: Noncombatant Evacuation Operations Arms Control Support to Domestic Civil Authorities Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief Security Assistance Nation Assistance Support to Counterdrug Combatting Terrorism Peacekeeping Peace Enforcement Show of Force Support for Insurgencies and Counterinsurgencies Attacks and Raids.