IEW site selection

Block of Instruction: IEW site selection

Slide 1: IEW Site Selection

Thus far in the course, we have discussed how to place MI assets doctrinally and have not covered the aspects of weather, terrain, and the various other factors that influence the use of IEW equipment. During the next several hours, we will address these considerations in detail. As junior MI officers, you all must fully understand how to properly place the assets in each of these situations we will cover.

Slide 2: Five Basic IEW Mission Planning Steps

First, you must recieve the mission. This may just be a Warning Order at first, but should give you enough to begin preliminary planning. Second, you must begin a map reconnaissance. You should begin examining it for good sites to move to, looking for good hilltops with good LOS. This will help you produce a good measle sheet to plan your moves, and should be in depth through your sector. Map reconnaisance is useful in that it helps familiarize you with the area quickly, before you even have deployed in some instances. The disadvantage of map reconnaisance is that maps are often many years out of date, and the terrain has changed!! Once you have done a thorough map reconnaisance, you need to begin coordinating with your own NCO's, CO CDR, and Brigade staff for movement and asset placement. Once all coordination is done, you need to conduct a ground reconnaissance. While there, see if you can hear anything on the radio. Move around to ind the best LOS. This will save you a lot of time down the road. You can then begin planning your sites and producing a strip map. After all the coordination and planning has taken place, you can then carry out the mission.

Slide 3: Measle Sheet

Here is an example of a measle sheet. This will make your movement simple if everyone has a copy and knows where their asset is supposed to go.

Slide 4: Combat Operations

are your IEW equipment. Because we have so few systems you must properly plan and employ them at all times. How we deploy them will depend on METT.

Slide 5: Prehostility Phase for IEW Support

During prehostilities, both the MI BN and the divisional RSTA assets will work hand in hand to collect information to determine the enemy capabilities. Usually, in the prehostility phase, assets are in GS but operate in BDE/BN areas of operation. GSR and REMS will be attached out. As soon as the hostilities commence, IEW assets may and usually will become DS to the BDE in the area they are operating in.

Slide 6: Deployment of Assets

Deployment of our assets requires continuous coordination between the BDE/BN in whose AO they are in, the MI CO, the MI BN, and any other agency/unit involved. Coordination is easy to say but hard to do well!

Slide 7: Common Items for Coordination	Here are some common items to consider when planning/coordinating with other agencies/units: Mi support and how it will support the maneuver commander Times and routes for deployment within the BDE/BN AO. Operational areas and sites Security Coordinating and communications procedures Final coordination of prearranged CSS requirements
Slide 8: Initial Coordination Factors	These are some initial things to consider when coordinating during the inital phases of the operation: Designation, type, and mission of the deploying MI unit Time of deployment and route the unit will use to deploy General operational area and operational site requirements Arrangements for direct coordination beween the MI BN and all subordinate units Exchange of radio call signs and frequencies

Slide 9: Coordination Issues Between the MI Unit and Maneuver Unit

This slide shows the key coordination areas you must work out between your unit and a manuever unit. Security Operational Sites Deployment and displacement routes CSS Coordination and communications procedures

Slide 10: IEW Site Selection Dilemma

These are a couple of problems we face when we are trying to emplace our assets: Most MI Systems need LOS to operate effectively The need for high ground usually exceeds its availability

Slide 11: Three Basic Types of Sites

There are three basic types of sites we consider for our assets. They are: Primary-principle position from which the MI Team will accomplish the assigned mission Alternate-another position where the same target area can be covered Supplementary-a position used to cover a different target area

Slide 12: All Operational Sites Should:

You should consider all these factors when choosing an operational site. Permit coverage of the assigned area Provide cover and concealment for the team, vehicles, and operational equipment Facilitate communications and permit coordination with other MI and supported elements Provide good ingress and egress Take advantage of security provided by maneuver elements Provide LOS to the target area. Be relatively free of ground clutter

Slide 13: Ground Reconnaissance Objectives

When conducting a ground recon, you want to: Select routes to the AO Identify and coordinate with friendly units in the area Determine the status of security at the site

Slide 14: Operational Site Sketches

You will want to do an operational site sketch of all sites chosen, if possible, for all: Primary , alternate, and supplementary positions You will want to depict the: Exact positions of equipment and antennas at each site Entry and withdrawl routes, and routes between positions Directions and distances to threat forces Location of friendly forces Friendly minefields and planned barriers

Slide 15: Operational Site

Here is a sample of a site sketch. You will of course make yours more detailed.

Slide 16: Electronic Warfare Assets Site Requirements

When you place ES/EA assets, you want to: Locate within range of targeted recievers and transmitters Ensure that the receiving antenna is positioned to intercept the arriving signal Locate near its supporting elements (when possible)

Slide 17: Electronic Warfare Assets Site Requirements (Con't)

A critical consideration of asset placement is positioning the intercept antenna. Here are some key considerations: In mountainous terrain, get the antenna as high as possible Vegetation and trees can be advantageous and disadvantageous Every attempt should be made to position the intercept antenna as far from man-made objects as possible Avoid wire lines and heavily traveled roads

Slide 18: Jamming Principles

When you are conducting jamming missions, you must also take the following in consideration : Enemy transmitter power and distance Receiver type and sensitivity Frequency ranges Terrain Weather conditions

• Recommend 10 Min Break***
  

  Slide 19: IEW Operations in Special Environments

  Next we will talk specifically about the effects that special environments have on IEW operations.

  Slide 20: Jungle Operations

  First we will talk about jungle operations. The key features you must be concerned with are shown here: Thick vegetation High and constant temperatures Heavy rainfall Humidity Military operations as a whole are affected by: Climate Vegetation

  Slide 21: Tactical IEW Operations in the Jungle

  When conducting IEW operations in a jungle, you will generally be Decentralized, and More IEW systems will be attached or DS...also, IEW systems must be lighter, man-portable, more rugged, and fielded in greater densities..you will have Increased reliance on helicopters.. you will have Restricted LOS.. and the Jungle vegetation and humidity will absorb electromagnetic radiation

  Slide 22: Rules for Siting Radio Antennas and for Improving Radio Communications in the Jungle

  These are key considerations for antenna placement in the jungle: Antennas should be located on hills overlooking the surrounding terrain and jungle growth Antennas should be located in clearings on the farthest edge from the intended receiving station Directional antennas should be oriented in straight line paths or slightly off course if the offset course is clear Antennas should be located as high as possible when the antenna site is located directly behind an intervening terrain mask Antennas should not be located in narrow valleys or between ridges or stretches of high jungle growth Complete antenna systems, such as ground planes and dipoles, are more effective than fractional wavelength whip antennas

  Slide 23: Environmental Effects (Jungle)

  These bullets are the bottom line critical points you must understand about EW in the jungle: Environmental constraints reduce the effectiveness of EW in the jungle Operator maintenance on equipment is required on a daily basis because of jungle moisture and humidity

  Slide 24: Desert Operations

  Desert operations are characterized by: Semi-arid or arid Extremes of cold and heat Unequaled visibility and blinding sandstorms Water shortages and flash floods Excellent trafficability with interspersed obstacles

  Slide 25: Primary Factors Affecting Military Operations (Desert)

  These are the key factors that influence all military operations in the desert: Availability of water Rapid movement of large units Good observation and long fields of fire Mandatory use of deception Lack of traditional key terrain

  Slide 26: Tactical IEW Operations in the Desert

  These are the important areas to consider when conducting IEW operations in the desert: Wide dispersal of units and SIGINT systems More tracked vehicle required Centralized operations at Divison and Brigade level Communication during daylight may be degraded by heat, dryness, and soil mineral content Excellent communication at night Desert terrain provides poor electrical grounding Whip antennas lose 1/5 to 1/3 normal range With some limitations, the desert environment is well suited for the operation of IEW systems

  Slide 27: Mountain Operations

  These are the primary factors that affect military operations in a mountainous environment: Reduced ranges for flat trajectory fire Increased importance of indirect fire Mobility canalization Increased collection operations from heights dominating lines of communication Reduced C2 capabilities

  Slide 28: Tactical IEW Operations in Mountainous Terrain

  There are several factors that you must consider when conducting IEW operations in mountainous terrain. They are: Greater reliance on helicopters for troop movement, resupply, and medevac Helicopters can be limited by climate IEW systems must be rugged, light, and man-packable Operations are decentralized, requiring more DS and attachment Weather intelligence is of prime importance

  Slide 29: Guidelines for IEW Operations in Mountainous Areas	Here are some guidelines for conducting IEW operations in mountainous areas: Directional antennas may need to be angled slightly off straight line course Valleys and gaps should be used for transmission paths between mountains Antennas should be located as high as possible if masked by another mountain
  Slide 30: Artic Operations	There are several factors that influence military operations in an arctic environment: Climate Ionospheric storms (magnetic or auroral) Frozen terrain, deep snow Adverse working conditions

  Slide 31: Guidelines for IEW Operations in Arctic Environment

  Here are a few guidelines to follow when conducting IEW operations in an arctic environment: Mast sections and antenna cables must be handled very carefully, since they become brittle at low temperatures Antennas and cables may be damaged by heavy snowfall Nylon rope guys should be used, if possible Snow and frozen ground are poor conductors Antennas must be strong enough to withstand high ice and wind loading as well as great temperature variations

  Slide 32: Winter Operation

  Here are several factors that influence winter military operations: Long nights Extreme cold Deep snow Degradation of weapons performance Ice fog Ice loading on equipment Increased time required to perform simple tasks Adversely impacts soldier health and morale

  Slide 33: Factors for Planning and Sustainment of Military Operations in Winter

  These are things to consider when planning military operations in winter: Communication exceptionally good, except in mountainous terrain Battery life is severly diminished Reduced mobility and wide force distribution Support and logistic sustainment are vital Electronic deception is accentuated

  Slide 34: Urban Operations

  There are many things to consider when engaged in urban operations: Shorter engagements Structural obstructions to observation Extreme canalization Obstructed communications Addition of of a vertical dimension provided by sewer systems and buildings

  Slide 35: Urban Operations (Con't)

  Numerous obstacles Necessity to control civilians Greatly reduced effectiveness of R&S systems SIGINT systems are less useful than man-packed equipment because of LOS obstruction Restricted communications for C2

  Slide 36: Direction Finding Baselines

  As a reminder, these are the principles for direction finding: Ground based DF Baseline Important consideration factors (Discuss)

  Slide 37: Two Types of Ground Based Baseline Configurations

  Concave-best if target is expected in a compact narrow but deep frontage Convex-best used if target is anticipated to located over a wide flanking, short in-depth area

  Slide 38: Baseline Distance

  The baseline is simply the straight line distance that separates the outermost DF sites--generally the depth is equal to the baseline distance

  Slide 39: Concave Baseline

  Picture slide, explain

  Slide 40: Convex Baseline

  Picture slide, explain

  Slide 41: Interrogation Assets

  Generally, the CI and IPW assets will be GS to the division. However on occasion, and in the new MI concept, CI and Interrogation assets may be placed in a brigade area of operations. In that event, the brigade S-2 would consider these things: Bde mission and the commander's concept of the operation PIR/IR

  Slide 42: Interrogation Assets (Con't)

  communication and reporting procedures Contacts with the S4 to coordinate logistics Coordination with the S-1 and MP platoon leader regarding procedures for securing and moving EPW's

  Slide 43: Photo of IEW site

  Photo of IEW site

  Slide 44: Photo of Camoflaged IEW site

  A good photo of IEW site camoflaged

  Slide 45: Questions?

  Are there any questions on any of the material I have covered over the last 2 hours?

  Slide 46: Summary

  If there are no questions, we will take a 10 min break, and then will begin an asset positioning practical exercise that will take the remainder of the class time.

  Break 10 Min***