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This chapter describes the IEW structure at EAC. It discusses the resources available and how they provide intelligence, EW, and security and deception support to theater and tactical commanders. It also discusses the functional and coordination requirements of this structure and provides insight into the duties of the key players and how they interface.
Army IEW operations at EAC receive their directional guidance from the SIO, usually the G2. However, depending upon unique situations within the theaters, Army IEW organizations may be working for the theater J2, or the SIO of another service or combined command. Intelligence structures supporting other echelons within the theater may also be called upon to support theater intelligence requirements. The doctrine for these intelligence organizations is covered in the appropriate IEW manual focused on these echelons.
The EAC IEW force structure is part of the total IEW architecture within each theater. The intelligence staff at each theater varies somewhat, but all theaters have the following staff functions or elements in common:
Accurate intelligence is required to prepare intelligence annexes. Conflict planning requires constant intelligence updates for theater campaign and contingency plans.
Each theater operates a 24-hour intelligence watch center. It monitors current intelligence and information reporting to determine indication of hostility (IOH) factors. The center issues warnings to other theater intelligence sections and staff elements and is tied into the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) worldwide I&W network.
The CI element provides MDCI analysis, planning, and tasking. This portion of the intelligence
staff --
The collection element monitors and processes all theater intelligence requirements. It works closely with the collection management and dissemination (CM&D) section of the EACIC supporting the theater Army G2.
The current intelligence element performs analysis, which produces situation development and target development information. The intelligence and information derived from situation and target development is provided to planning personnel. This element also assists in preparing daily briefings and intelligence updates, intelligence summaries (INTSUMs), and daily intelligence summaries (DISUMs).
The SSO is responsible for the security, control, and dissemination of sensitive compartmented information (SCI). It controls SCI billets and requests accreditation of sensitive compartmented information facilities (SCIFs).
The CSGs provide advice and assistance on SIGINT reporting and dissemination. These groups may be augmented, during crises or war, by the EACIC personnel assigned to the MI brigade (EAC) described in Chapter 4.
The IEW organization at EAC is an MI brigade which is specifically designed to support the theater or region in which it operates. The brigade serves as a C² headquarters for subordinate and attached brigade elements. It includes an EACIC that controls, manages, tasks, processes, analyzes, and disseminates intelligence. Figure 2-1 shows the generic MI brigade (EAC) organization.
US Army EAC IEW organizations (MI brigade [EAC]) support unified, joint, and combined commands; other US Army EAC commands within the theater; and CONUS major Army commands (MACOMs). MI brigades (EAC) are under the command of INSCOM and are under the operational control (OPCON) of the respective theater commander during peacetime. During conflicts, they revert to the command of the theater commander.
The organizational to principles of mission tailoring are applied to the MI brigades commands or other IEW (EAC). They are regionally tailored according to the theater's mission and its specific geographic area. This provides the appropriate mix of organizations, IEW equipment, linguists, area expertise, and data bases necessary to meet the theater commander's requirements.
The G2 or SIO generally assigns a general support (GS) mission to the IEW force in support of the EAC command or theater. However, the IEW force may be assigned other standard tactical missions, such as direct support (DS), reinforcing (R), and general support-reinforcing (GS-R) support subordinate maneuver organizations within the theater.
The MI brigade (EAC) complements ECB MI organizations within the theater. The regional focus of each brigade eases the transition from peace to crisis situations. Each brigade, while tailored to meet the IEW mission requirements of its supported command, can also respond to the mission requirements of other MI units in the theater.
This design concept also allows for the economical employment of finite IEW assets. The IEW structure at each echelon is organized to focus on its own AO. This structure automatically provides support to each subordinate unit's AI. For example, the corps IEW structure focuses on the corps commander's AO. It then depends on the theater IEW force for intelligence on the corps commander's AI. The more sensitive sensors and controlled HUMINT assets, aimed at the theater AI, are managed at higher, more secure echelons but are still available to lower echelons.
The IEW system provides the framework within which each IEW force functions. The functioning of the system is common to all levels of command. Generally, it includes a director, coordinators, producers, and executors.
The theater Army commander is the director. The commander is instrumental in establishing the direction for the EAC IEW structure in the form of the stated priority intelligence requirements (PIR) and other information requirements (IR).
The G2 and the G3 are coordinators. Together they provide staff supervision for the IEW effort and, depending on the theater, may also provide functional expertise.
The producers support the G2s and G3s at all echelons. They conduct all-source analysis on collected information to produce intelligence and to satisfy the needs of the command. This allows the coordinators to devote most of their time to managing the intelligence effort and advising their commanders.
The primary executors are the MI units that provide the IEW support. Although MI unit commanders have primary responsibility for the conduct of IEW missions, other commanders of units capable of executing IEW operations play a significant role. Units able to perform such functions are tasked in the senior command's collection plan and/or EW plan.
The G2, G3, and MI unit commanders are the key players on the IEW team. The G2 and G3 plan, control, and direct EAC IEW operations. MI unit commanders direct the specific employment of their brigades' assets to execute those operations. The team provides guidance for all EAC intelligence operations. Team members must continuously coordinate with each other to ensure mission accomplishment.
Within the EAC IEW structure, a variety of activities take place to ensure that the commander's intelligence requirements are satisfied.
The G2, as the commander's principal advisor on threat, weather, and terrain--
The G3, assisted by the G2--
The MI brigade (EAC) commander employs available organic and attached MI assets to execute the IEW mission. Employment of the IEW assets must be in context with the Army commander's overall campaign and not in the narrow context of the capabilities of the assets themselves.
Since no single echelon of command can meet all of its intelligence requirements with its own organic resources, each must ensure that its resources are fully integrated into the IEW system. The interdependency created by this situation requires systematic and detailed coordination up and down the IEW system to ensure a successful collection effort. The requirement for coordination applies equally to producers and executors. To enhance the success of IEW operations, this coordination must be centrally managed at each echelon. The logical point for this coordination is the collection management officer (CMO).
The Army EAC IEW structure must interact and function with joint or combined military forces and host nations. The size and scope of these IEW operations at EAC are affected by the--
The EAC IEW force must maintain continuity of operations while making the transition from peace to war. To ensure this continuity and to optimize capability, IEW organizations are forward deployed to the maximum extent possible.
Intelligence organizations at EAC are organized and deployed to support theater wartime requirements and are augmented to satisfy peacetime missions. The transition from peacetime, through crisis, to wartime operational status will not be an abrupt shift from training to combat. Rather, the transition will be marked by increases in the scope, intensity, and timeliness of operations. In some cases, targets may differ and our involvement with non-Army and non-US agencies will modify IEW operations.
Within the operational level of any conflict, the Army EAC intelligence structure is a part of the joint theater IEW system. It, along with the IEW components of other services and Allied nations, must provide the intelligence to support the theater CINC's sequence of operations which comprise the campaign plan. This includes the initial deployment of assigned and follow-on forces.
The principal intelligence disciplines are--
These disciplines are discussed in detail in later chapters. What follows is an overview.
HUMINT includes all information derived through human sources. Typical EAC HUMINT collection activities include all foreign positive intelligence collection operations, such as--
SIGINT results from the collection, location, evaluation, analysis, and fusion of intercepted EM emissions. SIGINT sources include--
IMINT results from evaluating and collating information obtained through imagery analysis (IA). It is a vital part of our intelligence capability at strategic, operational, and tactical echelons. IMINT sources include--
TECHINT results from exploiting captured enemy materiel (CEM), foreign technological developments, and the performance and operational capabilities of foreign materiel as they relate to military purposes. TECHINT--
MASINT results from the analysis of technical and scientific data derived from special sensors. This analysis--
Today's INSCOM theater support organizations are deployable, multidisciplined IEW brigades which perform theater IEW support missions for operational commanders. INSCOM MI brigades focus on:
The theater MI brigades are transitioning to the "L" series TOE . They provide the basic intelligence structures for IEW support to theater commanders to satisfy peacetime support requirements. Roundout units from the Reserve Components (RC) are assigned to the brigades to complete the force structure.
The organization of the MI brigade (EAC) shown at Figure 2-1 is a generic structure and shows the types of IEW units which are subordinate to the brigade. The brigades are tailored according to their IEW support missions. Some brigades may have battalion size units while others may have only companies.
The current "L" series TOE organization maintains the integrity of the IEW system and strengthens intelligence C². Inherent in the EAC brigade organization is the flexibility required by the commander to facilitate the optimal employment of the IEW assets. By applying the principle of economy of force, the commander achieves the best allocation of scarce IEW resources among the competing demands of satisfying strategic and tactical intelligence requirements.
Each brigade has within its organization an EACIC. The EACIC is the center for CM and all-source intelligence production for the brigade. The EACIC supports the theater Army command. It becomes the coordinating element for the efficient functioning of the intelligence cycle in relation to each theater's IEW mission.
EAC IEW organization and operational capabilities are tailored regionally and functionally to fit the special needs of the theaters involved.
Regional tailoring matches units to a specific geographic area. It provides an appropriate mixture of language skills, area expertise, proper data bases, and equipment. Effective IEW operations depend upon the abilities of our soldiers, to include their technical and language skills. Language skills must be maintained at specified proficiency levels as determined by the Defense Language Proficiency Test. The minimal proficiency levels of 2/2/2 for language skills in listening, reading, and speaking comprehension must be maintained through effective in-unit language training programs. (See AR 611-6 for these programs.)
Regional tailoring meets the anticipated IEW requirements for the type of conflict likely to confront US and Allied forces in the AO. Like the combat forces the IEW structure supports, this tailoring is sufficient to respond appropriately to the varied challenges likely to be encountered.
Functional tailoring provides the appropriate mixture of assets to support the five intelligence functions in order to meet the needs of the supported command.
MI brigades (EAC) are a major US source of intelligence on enemy ground forces. The brigades are tailored according to the characteristics of the threat force in their respective regions of the world.
IEW operations at EAC are continuous and usually conducted similarly during peace, crisis, or war. IEW organizations at EAC are modified for peacetime missions but are prepared for a rapid transition to war. The peace, crisis, and war requirements for IEW at EAC are also similar. Target development will vary in scope, timeliness, and intensity. Our involvement with non-Army and non-US organizations will shape theater IEW operations. Ideally, in a crisis, US Army, joint, and national IEW organizations are in place and operating.
Once combat operations begin, the focus changes from support of war readiness and planning, with emphasis on I&W intelligence, to situation development, target development, EW, and security and deception. However, I&W operations can continue to play a significant role in helping the Army commanders achieve "positional advantage" (depth) needed for the campaign plan to succeed.
Interconnectivity requirements vary depending on the nature and intensity of the conflict; the US force structure supported (for example, theater or joint task force [JTF]); and the degree of interaction with and sophistication of Allied and host nation intelligence resources.
Peacetime provides the time to plan and conduct operations and the opportunity to emplace sophisticated intelligence sensors and support systems in desirable areas to support the wartime missions. In wartime, certain areas probably would be denied or accessible only at great risk. EAC intelligence operations must, therefore, exploit all peacetime opportunities.
EAC intelligence support relies on multidiscipline intelligence data bases and on sources developed in peacetime. Army units that need data about a theater for which an MI brigade (EAC) has responsibility will direct queries to that theater EACIC. In order to support peacetime and wartime operations, combat units develop and maintain current data bases on those areas of the world where armed conflict is likely.
In the transition to war, the MI brigade (EAC) must simultaneously support the theater's operational and tactical levels of war. For those regions of the world where there are no forward-deployed Army combat forces, the need for strategic and tactical intelligence data bases remains a priority intelligence mission.
Similarly, intelligence sources required in war must be established and activated during peacetime. This requirement necessitates the forward deployment of EAC intelligence forces' collection capabilities. Developing intelligence sources where contingency operations are most likely (such as Latin America and Southwest Asia), coupled with interregional EAC IEW support to ground forces, reduces the chance of US Army elements' deploying into an intelligence barren environment.
Subordinate units and elements of the MI brigade (EAC) normally are placed in DS, GS, or GS-R of US forces corps and below, other intelligence units, and, in some cases, Allied and combined commands. DS, GS, and GS-R arrangements in peacetime should parallel as closely as possible those support relationships needed during conflicts; this is done in coordination with the commands involved. In peacetime, support relationships include taskings from national intelligence agencies. Effective organizational planning, habitual support arrangements, and interface between IEW elements and supported commands strengthen these operational relationships in the peace-to-war transition.
All deployed special operations forces (SOF) are under the OPCON of a subordinate unified command. A special operations command (SOC) receives joint intelligence from the Joint Intelligence Center (JIC). The Army Special Operations Forces (ARSOF), under the command (less OPCON to the CINC) of the theater Army, relies on the established IEW force structure for intelligence support.
The Theater Army Special Operations Support Command (TASOSC) functions as a headquarters responding to the needs of the theater ARSOF. When SOF are committed to a theater, the TASOSC will attach an intelligence support element (ISE) to the theater CINC's JIC or the MI brigades. It also attaches an intelligence support team (IST) to major subordinate commands (MSCs) to assist with SOF intelligence requirements. The ISE ensures that SOF requirements are included in the CM plan. For more information on ISEs, see FM 34-36.